1367260110.5528Understanding Syntax

308Understanding syntaxbirdsong 295brackets 21, 24, 25, 26, 61, 85, 86, 87, 102, 108, 112,114, 119, 135, 141–2, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148,150, 151, 153, 154, 163, 164, 165, 167, 292branch 148–65case (see also case marking) 48–9, 52–3, 111, 121,124–5, 126–7, 133, 136, 172–3, 177–84, 200,201, 203, 204, 208, 209, 215–6, 223, 227, 231,238, 249, 250, 256, 261, 265, 268ablative 136absolutive 179, 180–2, 184, 188–90, 194, 195196, 199, 201, 202, 208, 209, 215, 216, 218,219, 220, 221–2, 222–3, 224, 227, 238,259, 286accusative 53, 111, 125, 126, 169, 172, 178,179–80, 182–3, 184, 191, 192, 199, 200,214, 231, 261, 291and pronouns 48-9, 50, 53, 180–1,182–3, 212,295dative 121, 125, 136, 147, 188, 192, 193, 194, 195,196, 199–200, 210, 218, 223, 224, 225,226, 227, 231, 242, 293ergative 179, 181–4, 189, 190, 194, 195, 196, 200,201–3, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 223, 224,226–7, 238–9, 293genitive 129instrumental 218, 227nominative 49, 53, 67, 75, 102, 111, 124, 126–7,134, 172–3, 178, 179–80, 183–4, 192, 193,194, 199, 212, 214, 220, 229, 256, 294case marking (see also case) 48, 53, 125, 127, 129,133, 147, 172–3, 177–84, 189–90, 194–5,199–200, 201–204, 210, 214, 215, 216, 220,221, 227, 249, 250, 261, 268, 273, 291, 292,293, 294, 295causative 229–33, 234, 240, 279, 292morphological 230–1summary of properties of 232clause 67, 73–6, 78, 81, 83–94, 97, 99, 101–2, 105,109, 111, 115–6, 117, 119, 123, 126–8, 147,148–9, 172, 173–7, 183, 191, 194, 195–6, 198,205–6, 213, 214, 218, 220, 221, 222–4, 229,230, 238–9, 244, 245, 256, 247, 251–7, 259,261, 272, 278, 279, 280, 292, 294adjunct 88, 89, 93, 94, 98, 105adverbial (see clause, adjunct)conditional 88embedded (see also clause, subordinate) 24, 73,81, 84, 85–9, 92, 93, 96, 97, 99, 102, 105,175, 183, 195, 198, 205–6, 230, 246–7,251, 252, 255, 256, 278, 279, 292gerund-participial 116matrix 84–7, 89, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 105,195, 198, 230, 251, 253, 278, 292relative (see relative clause)root 89–92, 94, 95, 99, 101, 105, 174–5, 246, 247,273, 278, 293subordinate (see also clause, embedded) 73,84–94, 96, 98, 99, 101, 105, 174–5, 176,251, 273, 278, 279, 292subordinate in English 84–9, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96,99, 105–6, 176, 251cleft 146–7, 151, 152, 160–1, 162, 163, 260, 292closed class (see also open class) 38, 58, 59, 66, 82,117, 118, 119, 293comparison (of adjectives) 27–8, 58equative 58comparative 27–8, 58, 62, 257, 262superlative 58complement 21, 84–7, 88, 89, 92, 93–4, 99, 105, 109,111–8, 119, 120–3, 134, 149, 157, 158, 162,163, 176, 191, 195, 198, 199, 200, 225, 230,234, 272, 275, 278, 292clausal 84–7, 88, 93–4, 105, 115, 116, 117, 121,176, 191, 198, 200, 272, 278structure 111–7to adjectives 113, 116, 121to nouns 116–7, 120–1to prepositions 47, 50, 64–6, 109, 111, 112, 116,118, 120–1, 123–6, 162, 258–9, 293to verbs 84–7, 88, 89, 92–3, 105, 109, 112, 113–6, 123, 126–7, 191, 195, 199, 230vs. adjunct 117–8complementary distribution 62complementation strategies 84–99, 272,complementizer 85, 86, 88, 90, 91, 94, 101–3, 117,119, 176, 230, 246, 252, 292complex NP (see noun phrase, complex)complex sentence (see sentence, complex)complexity, linguistic 282–3concord 184conjoined phrases (see co-ordination)conjunction, co-ordinating 83–4, 94, 165, 169–71constituent 19, 141–67, 173–7, 178, 180, 185, 186–7, 191, 192, 195, 201, 202, 203–4, 205, 239,243, 247, 249, 259–61, 263, 265, 273, 280, 284definition of 142, 143, 155–6discontinuous 202–4order (see also word order) 19, 148, 168, 172,173–7, 178, 186–7, 191, 195, 201, 204,205, 221, 239, 245, 250, 255, 256, 259,261–2, 272, 273, 274, 275, 278, 284, 292tests for 141–66conventions used in linguistics 3, 15, 16, 40, 113,154, 271co-ordination 83–4, 94–5, 165–6, 170, 273, 292copula 50, 56, 61, 75, 292core (see argument, core)co-reference 222, 223, 224, 252, 285