1367260110.5528Understanding Syntax

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How do we identify constituents? 163For completeness, we should use the same tests to confirm a claim made by our treein (52): the structure proposed there says that the sequence off their pursuers is not aconstituent in Those smugglers shook off their pursuers. Recall that to prove that twosentences such as (52) and (53) have a different structure, we must give contrastingsets of grammatical and ungrammatical examples as evidence. Please formulate therelevant sentence fragment and cleft sentence in order to demonstrate that off theirpursuers is not a constituent in this case. Remember that in the sentence fragmenttest, the question you ask must be grammatical: the test is whether the answer isgrammatical or not.The results are:
164Understanding syntaxThe two NPs in brackets in these examples have been conjoined using and, knownas a co‐ordinating conjunction. Other such conjunctions in English include but,nor and or.You may be wondering if the transitive phrasal verb shook off in (71) andthe preposition on in (72) now have two object NPs. No, they do not: when twoconstituents of the same category are conjoined, they simply make one largerconstituent of the same category, as in (73). So there is still only one object for thetransitive verb in (71) and the preposition on in (72), but this NP may itself containNPs embedded within it. The node label conj means ‘conjunction’.(73) NPNP Conj. NPtheir pursuers and the revenue menThe co‐ordination test can be used to confirm that a phrasal verb and a prepositionalverb do have different structures, as we have proposed – look at your tree diagramsfor (52) and (53). A prepositional verb contains a PP constituent, according to thetests we’ve seen so far. And indeed, the PP can be conjoined with another PP:(74) The smugglers relied [ PPon the weather forecast] and (also) [ PPon their years ofexperience].In (75), on the other hand, we can’t conjoin off their pursuers with off the revenue men,because these two strings of words are not constituents of any kind:(75) *The smugglers shook off their pursuers and off the revenue men.The preposition of a phrasal verb like shake off isn’t attached to the following NP,as we can see from the structure for phrasal verbs in (52): there is no node thatdominates just the preposition and their pursuers, so this sequence doesn’t form aconstituent. Please look at your tree diagram for (52) to confirm this for yourself.Finally, we can use the co‐ordination test to discover more about the structure ofone of the ambiguous sentences in Section 5.1: The boy and the girl’s uncle stayed todinner. You’ll see that there’s a conjunction and in this sentence. We can now showthat there are two possible ways of co‐ordinating constituents within the NP the boyand the girl’s uncle, which accounts for the ambiguity. First, we can conjoin an NP theboy with an NP the girl’s uncle, as in (76). This gives the reading in which two peoplestay to dinner:(76) [ NP[ NPthe boy] and [ NPthe girl’s uncle] ]
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?UnderstandingSyntaxThird edition
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ContentsiiiUnderstandingSyntaxThird
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?For S.J. and Maggie the younger,th
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?ContentsAcknowledgementsNote to th
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Contentsix4.2 Where does the head o
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?AcknowledgementsOver the 13 years
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?Note to the studentThis book is an
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?List of abbreviations used in exam
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1What is syntax?1.1 Some concepts a
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What is syntax? 3way doesn’t func
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What is syntax? 5wonder why (7) is
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What is syntax? 7So if the word Has
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What is syntax? 9b. Why hydestow (i
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What is syntax? 11use of they in (2
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1.2.2 How to read linguistic exampl
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What is syntax? 15glosses contain o
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What is syntax? 17some third party,
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What is syntax? 19some of the examp
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What is syntax? 21need to be able t
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What is syntax? 23verb (counted out
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(49) a. I charged the battery up.b.
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What is syntax? 27Standard dialectm
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What is syntax? 29Republic of Vanua
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What is syntax? 31∑ Tinrin has a
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Words belong to different classes 3
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(82) I’ll see you right/straight/
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(11) I’m not that bothered about
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3Looking inside sentencesThis chapt
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Looking inside sentences 75grammati
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Looking inside sentences 77∑ Moda
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Looking inside sentences 79the same
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Looking inside sentences 81Look at
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Looking inside sentences 83in this
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Looking inside sentences 85claimed,
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Looking inside sentences 87clause
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Looking inside sentences 89Here are
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Looking inside sentences 91This is
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Looking inside sentences 93In (50),
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Looking inside sentences 95heard yo
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Looking inside sentences 97get *Mus
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Looking inside sentences 99for the
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Looking inside sentences 101(2) Dar
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(9) Deir sé [nach dtuigeann sé an
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Looking inside sentences 105(9) a.
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Looking inside sentences 107(5) ri
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Heads and their dependents 109quite
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Heads and their dependents 111Third
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Page 136 and 137: Heads and their dependents 119Altho
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Page 152 and 153: Heads and their dependents 135Exerc
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Page 176 and 177: 5.3.1.2 Tree structures for phrasal
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Page 212 and 213: (54) Ruš‐a gadadi-z cük ga-na.g
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Page 228 and 229: 7Processes that change grammatical
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Processes that change grammatical r
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7.4 The causative constructionProce
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(2) Da rara hàmu da pàu.they be.r
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(3) bey‐mu‐ban2sg(Su)/1sg(Obj)
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A. Bare(1) a. [kwati i i-karuka tš
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8Wh-constructions: Questions and re
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Wh-constructions: Questions and rel
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8.1.3 Multiple wh-questionsWh-const
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. Inona no novidin’ iza?what prt
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(2) a. Ddaru Mair weld y ffilm?aux.
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9Asking questions about syntaxThe t
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Asking questions about syntax 273su
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Asking questions about syntax 275(1
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(23) a. Cerddon nhw i ’r dre.walk
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Asking questions about syntax 279fu
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Asking questions about syntax 281Th
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Asking questions about syntax 283Is
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Asking questions about syntax 285un
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Sources of data used in examplesDat
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Sources of data used in examples 28
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GlossaryThis glossary contains brie
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Glossary 293This phenomenon is know
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Glossary 295proform: A word which s
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References 297Beale, Anthony (1974)
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References 299Dixon, R. M. W. and A
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References 301Levinson, Stephen C.
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References 303Sohn, Ho-Min (1999).
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Language index 305French (Romance:
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1Subject indexabsolutive case (see
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Subject index 309critical period 28
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Subject index 311double 200indirect
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1367260110.5528Understanding Syntax

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