1367260110.5528Understanding Syntax

A. Bare(1) a. [kwati i i-karuka tšinu j ] [Ø j i-baraka]jaguar 3f.sg-bite dog 3f.sg-run‘A jaguar i bit the dog j and [it] j ran.’Processes that change grammatical relations 239b. [da kwati i i-d’áwika] [mawaya j a-kharuka Ø i ]the jaguar 3f.sg-die [snake indef-bite‘The jaguar i died (because) a snake j bit [it] i .’B. Guugu Yimidhirr(2) a. [Nyulu yarrga i gada-y] [Ø i mayi j buda-y].[3sg boy.abs come-past food.abs eat-past‘The boy i came and [he] i ate the food j .’b. [Nyulu yarrga-a i mayi j buda-y] [Ø i gada-y][3sg boy-erg food.abs eat-past come-past‘The boy i ate the food j and then [he] i came.’7. The data in this exercise (slightly adapted from Chung 1976) are from Indonesian,a syntactically accusative language. The usual constituent order is seen in (1). Youhave five tasks to complete. (i) Examine these data in (1) first and state what is theunmarked order of the verb, subject, object and indirect object or oblique NP.(1) a. Monjet men-gigit saja.monkey trans-bite I‘A monkey bit me.’b. Saja mem-bawa surat itu kepada Ali.I trans-bring letter the to Ali‘I brought the letter to Ali.’c. Mereka ber-lajar ke Amerika.they intrans-sail to America‘They sailed to America.’The next set of data illustrate a fronting process in Indonesian. (ii) Examine thesentences in (2) and (3) and figure out what grammatical relation the frontedconstituent must bear. Your answer should account both for the grammaticaldata in (2) and the ungrammatical examples in (3). (The English translationsare deliberately neutral here, so you will need to study the original Indonesiancarefully.) Then (iii) say what other grammatical changes occur when theconstituent is fronted.(2) a. Ikan merah itu dia sudah tangkap.fish red the he perf catch‘He already caught the red fish.’b. Itu dapat kita lihat pada mata-nja.that can we see in eye-its‘We can see that in its eyes.’