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Spiral 2: 3/28/2011Department of Defense Energy HandbookAlternative and Renewable Energy Options for DoD Facilities and Bases8 SOLAR ENERGYSolar energy is an abundant, widely available, and relatively clean resource making it attractive fornumerous applications. It can be converted to electric power or thermal energy for industrial,commercial, and residential use. Solar energy has been proven to be life cycle cost effective in someapplications, dependent upon the location, cloud cover, and cost of conventional fossil fuels. However,due to the variability in solar energy, along with energy security, solar energy is typically used inconjunction with additional energy resources for meeting facility energy requirements. There arecurrent incentives to use solar energy that are driving new projects and rapidly evolving solartechnologies. This section introduces various solar technologies used for facilities, the economic factorsthat drive cost effectiveness of solar power and energy, as well as a couple of case studies.8.1 IntroductionThere are a number of different technologies that have been developed for capturing solar energy andconverting for use as electricity, heating or cooling. Passive solar refers to harnessing solar energy,without any built-in controls, including natural lighting and radiant heating. Active solar incorporatestechnologies to harness and control solar energy, which include generating electricity, heating andcooling systems. There are two primary technologies that have been developed for harnessing solarenergy, namely solar cells or photovoltaics (PV) and solar thermal, which uses solar energy to heat fluidsor gases. Solar thermal applications are used for heat, hot water, cooling systems, and may also be usedto produce electrical power using conventional steam generators.8.1.1 History and Market TrendsThe use of solar energy has been around for many centuries, although it is just starting to becomewidespread with incentives to decrease the use of fossil fuels. Some of the major achievements in solarpower and energy are as follows: 133• Solar energy was used as far back as the seventh century B.C. when magnifying glasses wereused to produce fire.• Roman bath houses, in the period of the first through fourth centuries A.D., used large southernfacing windows to capture the sun’s heat.• The first solar collector was built in 1767 by Horace de Saussure and was used for cookingduring an expedition to South Africa in the 1830s.• The first commercial solar water heater was patented in 1891.• The first silicon (Si) solar cell capable of providing enough electricity to run everyday electricalequipment was developed in 1954 at Bell Labs.• In 1958, the Vanguard I space satellite used a small PV array to power its radios.• In 1977, the US DOE established the Solar Energy Research Institute, now the NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory.A major development in photovoltaics occurred with their use in satellites. Later, they wereimplemented in facilities located in remote regions where no power grids existed. Starting in the 1980s,large scale solar projects were constructed in the US using concentrating solar power (CSP), which is asolar thermal technology used to produce electricity on the industrial and utility scale. Since then, solarelectricity generation has more than tripled since the year 2000, as shown in Figure 51. The increasingtrend in solar power usage is expected to continue at least for the near future, as shown in Figure 52.109
Spiral 2: 3/28/2011Figure 51. Increasing trend in solar power capacity and energy production. 134Figure 52. Renewable energy production projections up to 2035. 135Solar power and energy technologies are experiencing a decreasing trend in costs, as shown in Figure53. This is attributed to decreasing silicon costs, as well as the research and development of lower costdesigns, materials, and manufacturing methods. The increasing market demand is also anticipated tolower solar energy costs.110
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