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Spiral 2: 3/28/2011Department of Defense Energy HandbookAlternative and Renewable Energy Options for DoD Facilities and BasesAdvanced Data Center’s State Assessment for Biomass Resources Program. This tool providesinformation on the available biomass resources and their utilization throughout the US. 229The following subsections provide brief overviews of the common (cellulosic) feedstocks used in theproduction of renewable energy today. These overviews include advantages and disadvantages, as well asgeneral points that should be considered upon selection.10.2.2.1 Agricultural ResiduesAgricultural residues are the portion of the agricultural crop that remains in the field following harvest.These residues have the potential to displace about 12.5 percent of all petroleum imports, oralternatively, they have the potential to offset approximately 5 percent of the electricity consumption inthe US. Additionally, the utilization of crop residues increases the economic efficiency of the cropproduced by using a greater percentage of the mass for energy generation. However it is important tomaintain soil qualities by harvesting the residues in a sustainable fashion, such that they are notoverharvested. 230 Sustainability is accomplished by leaving a portion of the crop residue in the field tolimit the amount of soil erosion and to help maintain the soil quality. This, however, reduces thepotential harvest and cause feedstock shortages if not taken into consideration.The amount of crop residue that must remain is highly dependent on the pre-existing soil quality, soiltype, the previous crop type, tillage method used, and weather conditions. 226, 231 The frequency of croprotations can also affect the soil quality and in turn the amount of residue harvested. In general, crops,known as legumes (i.e., alfalfa), fix, or put, nutrients into the soil (i.e., nitrogen) whereas other cropstake these nutrients out of the soil (i.e., corn). Since these crops have opposite actions, they are oftenrotated to enhance the soil quality, while minimizing the need for added fertilizers. For corn and alfalfa,the rotation period is typically 3 to 5 years. If planting soy beans, the rotation period is much less,typically 1 to 2 years. However, the rotation schedules depend strongly upon the crops planted and theregion in which they are planted. Information on typical crop rotation schedules can be obtained bycontacting Cornell Cooperative Extension or the Soil and Water Conservation District. Theseorganizations are county specific and provide information on planting and maintaining agricultural crops.Under average conditions, 30 to 40 percent of the residues from wheat straw and corn stover can beremoved without soil integrity compromises. 226 It can be assumed that 30 percent residue cover issufficient for protecting the soil integrity, and that if left for grazing, animals generally consume no morethan 20 to 25 percent of the stover. 231 However, these values vary by region. In some regions of thecountry there is limited time following the crop harvest for the residues to be collected. In others onlyone crop harvest may occur per year due to shorter growing seasons, which reduces the yield ofresidues compared to locations where more than one harvest can be completed. These factors must beconsidered to ensure that enough harvestable residues are actually produced to sustain the plant untilthe next harvest. Likewise, enough storage area must be provided to handle the supply as well, unlessalternative arrangements are made (i.e., the producer stores the residues until needed).It was estimated in 2003 that the cost for agricultural residues, including collection costs, farmerpayments lxx , storage, and transport, were between 35 to 55 dollars per ton. 226 Table 50 provides harvestcosts for various residues throughout the US, overall crop production, and a comparison of the residuesavailable versus those that can be utilized. 230 Section 10.2.2.4 summarizes the heating values andcombustibles for common agricultural feedstocks. 232lxxThe payments to the farmer are a form of compensation for the lost nutritional value to their soils. 226195
Spiral 2: 3/28/2011Table 50. Agricultural crop residue harvest costs for various locations across the US. 230County State Crop Crop Yield(bushel/acre)Gross ResidueYield lxxi(lb/acre)lxxi, lxxiiConservation(lb/acre)NetResidueYield lxxi(lb/acre)HarvestCost lxxiii($/ton)Story Iowa Corn 147.0 7,694.2 1,430 6,264.2 12.7Ford Kansas Corn 173.1 9,060.3 2,400 6,660.3 12.4Riley Kansas WinterWheatFord Kansas Wheat /FallowNorman Minnesota SpringWheat40.7 4,070.0 715 3,355.0 15.728.5 2,849.1 1,500 1,349.1 29.831.2 3,119.3 715 2,404.3 19.4Riley Kansas Sorghum 80.9 4,854.0 1,500 3,354.0 16.6Ford Kansas Sorghum 80.2 4,812.0 1,500 3,312.0 16.7Norman Minnesota Barley 54.9 4,392.0 715 3,677.0 17.3Norman Minnesota Oat 67.7 4,062.0 715 3,347.0 18.6Arkansas Arkansas Rice 137.8 5,239.0 0 5,239.0 20.3In comparison to other crops, agricultural residues are typically dryer than wood, but have a higher ashcontent and lower density. The lower ash fusion temperature lxxiv , coupled with a lower moisturecontent leads to problems such as clogging in the combustor or boiler. These can be alleviated byburning agricultural residues in low concentrations with coal or wood (i.e., co-firing). 216Figure 117 shows the agricultural crop residues available in each county and state across the US. Thecrops included in this map are: corn, wheat, soybeans, sorghum, barley, oats, rice, rye, canola, dry ediblebeans, dry edible peas, peanuts, potatoes, safflower, sunflower, sugarcane, and flaxseed. The availablequantities were estimated from the five year (2003 to 2007) average total grain production, crop-toresidueratio, moisture content, and the amount of crop residue left in the field. For the purposes of thisassessment, it was assumed that 35% of the total residue was available for collection as a feedstock. 231lxxiDry weightlxxiiConservation is the amount of crop residue that must be left in the field for land/ animal sustainability.lxxiiiDirect costs plus fertilizer costslxxivThe ash fusion temperature is the temperature at which ash particles fuse together.196
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