Alternative and Renewable Energy - Advanced Materials ...

Spiral 2: 3/28/2011Department of Defense Energy HandbookAlternative and Renewable Energy Options for DoD Facilities and BasesList of FiguresFigure 1. Average electricity costs in the US................................................................................................ 6Figure 2. Air Force energy management program office organization ................................................. 30Figure 3. Air Force energy goals, objectives, and metrics ....................................................................... 32Figure 4. Culture change energy plan ........................................................................................................... 33Figure 5. International energy plan................................................................................................................ 33Figure 6. Critical infrastructure program energy plan .............................................................................. 34Figure 7. Innovative financing energy plan ................................................................................................... 34Figure 8. Strategic communications integration energy plan .................................................................. 34Figure 9. Naval energy strategic approach .................................................................................................. 35Figure 10. Naval energy organization ............................................................................................................. 45Figure 11. Air Force energy governance structure ..................................................................................... 46Figure 12. Large-scale fluidized circulating fluidized bed combustion process flow diagram ............ 52Figure 13. Cost of electricity for coal-to-electricity processes with carbon capture and storage .. 54Figure 14. Coal gasification process ................................................................................................................ 55Figure 15. Products yielded from the fractional distillation of petroleum ............................................. 57Figure 16. Petroleum refinery product yield based on crude oil input (2008)..................................... 58Figure 17. US natural gas production ............................................................................................................. 61Figure 18. US natural gas pipeline network................................................................................................... 64Figure 19. Existing hydroelectric plants and feasible hydropower projects in the Eastern US ........ 72Figure 20. Existing hydroelectric plants and feasible hydropower projects in the Western US ...... 73Figure 21. Hydropower plant ........................................................................................................................... 74Figure 22. Hydraulic turbine connected to a generator ............................................................................ 75Figure 23. Diversion hydropower plant ......................................................................................................... 76Figure 24. One-nozzle Pelton Wheel turbine .............................................................................................. 78Figure 25. Pelton Wheel impulse turbine ...................................................................................................... 78Figure 26. Comparison of efficiency range for several energy conversion technologies ................... 84Figure 27. Total energy consumption by federal agency ............................................................................ 86Figure 28. Total DoD energy consumption (1975 to 2009) ..................................................................... 87Figure 29. Total federal energy consumption by source ........................................................................... 88Figure 30. DoD energy consumption by source .......................................................................................... 88Figure 31. Federal energy consumption by end use .................................................................................... 89Figure 32. DoD energy consumption by end use ........................................................................................ 89Figure 33. Facility energy consumption by agency ....................................................................................... 90Figure 34. DoD facility energy consumption by military component ..................................................... 90Figure 35. DoD facility energy usage by source ........................................................................................... 91Figure 36. DoD’s progress toward renewable energy goals ..................................................................... 92Figure 37. Percent energy intensity reduction compared to EISA goal ................................................. 93Figure 38. Historical energy intensity progress for DoD and services .................................................. 94Figure 39. Air Force energy utilization by end use (percent of total energy costs) ............................ 94Figure 40. Air Force facility energy cost by source..................................................................................... 95Figure 41. Air Force facility energy consumption by source .................................................................... 95Figure 42. Army facility energy consumption by source ............................................................................ 96Figure 43. Navy facility consumption by source .......................................................................................... 96Figure 44. US electrical grid regions and interconnects ............................................................................ 97Figure 45. US power transmission grid .......................................................................................................... 98Figure 46. Operation of distributed generation units to avoid high rates during peak powerperiods ................................................................................................................................................ 99xxv