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Spiral 2: 3/28/2011Department of Defense Energy HandbookAlternative and Renewable Energy Options for DoD Facilities and BasesThere are three main systems for the harvesting of wave power: fixed, floating, and oscillating. Fixedwave power devices mount to the seabed or shore and provide maintenance advantages in comparisonto the other types. However, the availability of sites for the installation of this type of device is limited.Floating devices and oscillating water columns generate electricity from the harmonic motion of thewater using a floating part assembly. 95 Most challenging however is developing systems that canwithstand the severe and corrosive marine environments. 32012.2.1 Types of Wave Energy ConvertersWave energy conversion can be classified into two types: offshore or onshore. These are describedbriefly in the following sections.12.2.1.1 Offshore SystemsOffshore wave energy systems are typically situated at locations in which the water is more than 131feet deep. 321 Common offshore wave energy converters are listed below. Others include the WaveDragon, Archimedes Wave Swing, and PowerBuoy.12.2.1.1.1 Salter DuckThe Salter Duck is the best known wave energy converter. Originally developed by Salter in 1974, theSalter Duck consists of a long central core to which duck sections are mounted (see Figure 169). Theseduck sections are asymmetric and cam-shaped. They are designed to extract energy through a semirotarymotion that is induced by waves. Each duck has a large gyroscope that is placed inside its noseand used to drive a hydraulic pump that powers a generator to create electricity. This pump is designedto be maintenance free for 25 years. 77, 322, 323Figure 169. Schematic of the Salter Duck wave energy conversion device. 324281
Spiral 2: 3/28/201112.2.1.1.2 PelamisThe Pelamis is a type of wave energy converter that is currently available commercially. It is a semisubmergedstructure that is 120 m in length and 3.5 m in diameter. The Pelamis is composed ofcylindrical sections that are hinged together so that they can articulate. A hydraulic ram, which pumpshigh pressure oil through hydraulic motors, is used to resist the motion of these articulating joints.These motors drive generators that ultimately produce electricity. A mooring system of floats andweights is used to hold the Pelamis in position while also allowing it to swing with oncoming waves. 322Figure 170 shows the Pelamis as installed off the coast of Spain.12.2.1.2 Onshore Fixed SystemsFigure 170. The Pelamis wave energy converter. 325Onshore wave energy converters are built along shorelines to extract the energy in breaking waves. 321Typical onshore wave energy converters are described briefly in the following sections.12.2.1.2.1 Oscillating Water ColumnsOne promising oscillating water column (OWC) was designed by the National Engineering Laboratory.Their system is a concrete structure that is mounted to the sea bed; the motions of the waves cause thecolumn of water to rise and fall, which in turn caused air to flow through the turbines and generateelectricity (see Figure 171). 77282
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