Nursing Care of Dyspnea: The 6th Vital Sign in Individuals with ...

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Nursing Care of Dyspnea: The 6th Vital Sign in Individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)Appendix A: Search Strategy for Existing Evidence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Appendix B: Glossary of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Appendix C: Visual Analogue Scale As A Measure of Clinical Dyspnea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Appendix D: Numeric Rating Scale As A Measure of Clinical Dyspnea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Appendix E: Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Appendix F: Summary of Dyspnea Assessment Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Appendix G: Sample COPD Assessment Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Appendix H: Secretion Clearance Techniques – How to Teach Secretion Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108Appendix I: Energy Conservation Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Appendix J: Breathing and Relaxation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Appendix K: Body Mass Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Appendix L: COPD Medications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Appendix M: Device Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122Appendix N: Plan of Action for Managing Acute Exacerbation of COPD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Appendix O: Selection Criteria for Referral to a Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Appendix P: Borg Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Appendix Q: Description of the Toolkit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1368
Summary of RecommendationsNursing Best Practice GuidelineRECOMMENDATION*LEVEL OF EVIDENCEPractice RecommendationsAssessment 1.0 Nurses will acknowledge and accept the patients’ self-report IVof dyspnea.1.1 All individuals identified as having dyspnea related to COPD will IVbe assessed appropriately.Respiratory assessment should include:■ Level of dyspnea● Present level of dyspnea● Present dyspnea should be measured using a quantitativescale such as a visual analogue or numeric rating scale■ Usual level of dyspnea● Usual dyspnea should be measured using a quantitative scalesuch as the Medical Research Council (MRC) Dyspnea Scale■ Vital signs■ Pulse oximetry■ Chest auscultation■ Chest wall movement and shape/abnormalities■ Presence of peripheral edema■ Accessory muscle use■ Presence of cough and/or sputum■ Ability to complete a full sentence■ Level of consciousness1.2 Nurses will be able to identify stable and unstable dyspnea, and acute IVrespiratory failure.1.3 Every adult with dyspnea who has a history of smoking and is over the age of IV40 should be screened to identify those most likely to be affected by COPD.As part of the basic dyspnea assessment, nurses should ask every patient:■ Do you have progressive activity-related shortness of breath?■ Do you have a persistent cough and sputum production?■ Do you experience frequent respiratory tract infections?1.4 For patients who have a history of smoking and are over the age of 40, nurses IVshould advocate for spirometric testing to establish early diagnosis in atrisk individuals.*See pg. 13 for details regarding “Interpretation of Evidence”.9
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