BBSR 2001 Annual Report - Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences

The Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Inc.2001 Annual ReportPartners in Marine Science

BBSR’s mission is to conduct research and science education of the highest quality from thespecial perspective of a mid-ocean island, and to provide well-equipped facilities and responsivestaff support to visiting scientists, faculty and students from around the world.

Table of ContentsFrom the Helm: Partners in Marine Science . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Evaluating Bermuda’s No-take Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Protecting the World’s Marine Environments . . . . . . . . . . 6Investigating the Building Blocks of Marine Life . . . . . . . . . 8Understanding Ocean-Climate Variability . . . . . . . . . . . . 106Searching the Past for Tomorrow’s Forecasts . . . . . . . . . . 12Providing the Spark for Future Scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Honor Roll of Donors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168Financial Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Research Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3510Education Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Seminars and Public Lectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Board of Trustees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391214BBSR Staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Editor and Designer ~ Alison ShadboltContributing Writers ~ Nicholas Bates, Patrick Hagan, Fredric Lipschultz, Richard Murnane,Richard Owen, Shane Paterson, Hank Trapido-RosenthalPhotographers ~ Phil Broadhurst, Anne Kermode, Richard Owen, Shane Paterson, Jason Ritter,Alison Shadbolt, Amanda TempleAdditional Contributions ~ Jean Trapido-RosenthalOpposite page: North Rock marks the northern rim of Bermuda’s volcanic platform and supports a large variety of marine life.

From the Helm:Partners inMarine ScienceAs this Annual Report for 2001 was being produced, otherimportant preparations were underway at the Bermuda BiologicalStation for Research (BBSR): plans for celebrating its 100 thanniversary in 2003.BBSR was founded in 1903 through thecollaboration of professors fromHarvard, New York University and theBermuda Natural History Society. Theirvision was to create a marine fieldstation in an ideal location – the middleof the Atlantic Ocean.BBSR reached another milestone in2001 as it marked the 75th anniversaryof the institution’s incorporation inNew York in 1926 as a U.S. non-profitorganization. But this is not so much atime for looking back at BBSR as one oflooking forward to new research andeducational challenges andopportunities.Since its founding, BBSR hasgrown from a field station into aleading marine science institutionbecause of the collaboration ofcountless scientists and studentsinvestigating the marine environmentsurrounding Bermuda. Today, BBSRhas grown into an institution with ayear-round staff of 80, including 12resident faculty and three postdoctoralfellows.In preparing this Annual Report,we have asked several BBSR scientiststo provide examples of how thiscollaborative approach at BBSR isaddressing some critical issues facingsociety, including global climate changeand the health of the marineenvironment. Some of the authors(Drs. Nick Bates, Fred Lipschultz, RickMurnane and Hank Trapido-Rosenthal)are well known to longtime friends ofBBSR. Two others (Drs. Richard Owenand Shane Paterson) are relatively newto the institution. In the case of all theBBSR resident scientific staff, webelieve the quality of their researchconfirms that BBSR remains a magnetfor top scientific talent.We anticipate that the urgency ofthe issues addressed from Bermuda’sideal mid-ocean location will acceleratethe growth of BBSR’s research andeducational programs well into itssecond century. In anticipation of thisdevelopment, in 2001 BBSR securedseveral major grants toward anenvisioned new laboratory building.The building will also enhance BBSR’sthriving educational programs forstudents at all academic levels.We continue to raise funds for thisfacility in 2002 and plan to have itcompleted in time for BBSR’scentennial celebrations in 2003.The progress of BBSR’s staff isaided by an active and effective boardof trustees, which provides valuable

scientific, educational and financial guidance to theinstitution. We were delighted in 2001 to welcome to theboard Fiona Luck of XL Capital in Bermuda, Dr. Tom Churchof the University of Delaware and Dr. Sybil Seitzinger ofRutgers University.We also revised the by-laws during 2001 to permit thenumber of vice presidents to be increased at the discretion ofthe board. Continuing to serve as a vice president is Dr. IdwalWyn Hughes, who for so many years has been anextraordinarily valuable and dedicated trustee and officer ofBBSR. We also added two newvice presidents, trusteesMichael Naess and Ian Strecker,both with residences inBermuda. Michael has for thepast several years spearheadedBBSR’s development and NewHorizon Campaign efforts, aswell as chairing the importantNominating Committee of theboard. Ian has provided criticaltrustee leadership to helpimprove BBSR’s informationtechnology infrastructure, reflectiveof both developments inmodern information technologyand the institution’s IT needs. Both have been very helpful toand great partners in BBSR’s board leadership team.From an internal perspective, BBSR has continued tomake great progress in implementing new financial accountinghardware and software that has helped improve the operationof the finance office and the timely availability of financialinformation to the management, scientists and board oftrustees. Our chief financial officer, Jay Saadian, and his ableand dedicated finance office staff deserve congratulations on aSince its founding, BBSR has grownfrom a field station into a leadingmarine science institution because ofthe collaboration of countlessscientists and students investigatingthe marine environmentsurrounding Bermuda.job well done. The entire staff deserves similar congratulationsand thanks for their patience and diligence in helping BBSRduring an uncertain economic period.The future for BBSR does indeed hold great promise, asyou will see in the articles by BBSR scientists in this report.One research area, ocean genomics, deserves special mention:In the fall of 2001, a core group of trustees, including RayMoore, Rob Cawthorn, Brian O’Hara, Hein Besselaar, MichaelButt, Charlie Kline and Ian Strecker, spearheaded a newinitiative at BBSR in this field, which will enable BBSR to takea leadership role in oceangenomics in 2002 and futureyears.Thanks again to the manyindividuals, corporations andprivate foundations who playsuch an important role forBBSR as financial supporters orvolunteers. Among the manypartners who have madepossible BBSR’s history ofachievement are Maxwell andNina Bruce, who died in a tragicautomobile accident in 2001. ABBSR Life Trustee, Max wasinstrumental in the creation ofthe Canadian Associates of the Bermuda Biological Station in1975 and a similar London-based trust, the U.K. Associates, in1984. These organizations have provided scholarship andresearch support at BBSR for many students from thosecountries, an important part of BBSR’s international legacy asit plans for its second century of marine research andeducation. This report is dedicated in honor of Max and Nina.March 15, 2002Christopher du P. Roosevelt, PresidentAnthony H. Knap, Ph.D., DirectorTop left: BBSR’s 115-foot research ship, Weatherbird II, cruises the Sargasso Sea.Center left: Dr. William Beebe, a pioneer of underwater exploration, and Otis Barton came to BBSR in the 1930s to conduct deepwater dives off Bermuda in Mr. Barton’s Bathysphere.Lower left: Christopher du P. Roosevelt (left), president of the BBSR Corporation, and BBSR Director Dr. Anthony Knap3

EvaluatingBermuda’sNo-take Zones2001 marked BBSR’s 99 th year of investigating Bermuda's ocean,making it one of the most thoroughly studied marine environmentsin the world. Building on the foundation laid by generations ofscientists since BBSR's founding in 1903, BBSR’s present facultymembers are working together to examine a range of importantissues for Bermuda's environment.For example, Dr. Kent Simmonsfocuses on Bermuda’s air and waterquality. Dr. Richard Owen studiesmarine pollution threats (see page 6).Dr. Samia Sarkis leads an effort tobring back Bermuda’s endangeredscallop population. And Dr. KathyCoates examines Bermuda’s marinebiological diversity.Postdoctoral fellow Dr. ShanePaterson, a new addition to BBSR in2001, describes here a collaborativeeffort with BBSR Assistant ResearchScientist Dr. Robbie Smith, who leadsBBSR’s coral reef research team, andpostdoctoral fellow Dr. Joanna Pitt.ANEW BBSR PROJECT, funded byThe Pew Charitable Trusts andthe Curtis and Edith MunsonFoundation, assesses the impact ofefforts to protect Bermuda’s coral reeffisheries resources. Because of the datacollected over close to a century atBBSR, and because of Bermuda’shistory of environmental protection,this case study may prove to be avaluable model for other island nationsstruggling with declining fisheries.Bermuda’s long history ofenvironmental protection dates back tothe remarkably prescient 1620protection of young sea turtles. A littlemore recently, beginning in the 1970s,Bermuda’s government began toaddress concerns regarding the declineof its fisheries resources and createdthree seasonally protected and 29permanently protected fisheriesreserves, or no-take zones, withinwhich extractive activity is notpermitted. In 1990, the governmenttook the further step of banningcommercial fish traps, a controversialmove that has since been adopted bysome Caribbean nations.Bermuda’s fisheries resources havehad a history of overexploitation –perhaps not as catastrophic and suddenas that faced by many other nations,but overfishing, nonetheless. Divers onBermuda’s reefs are unlikely to seemuch in the way of predatory fishes.The Nassau grouper, a predator of greatecological and fisheries importance, iscommercially extinct in Bermudianwaters. This scarcity of predatory fishesis often an indicator that all is not well,

if only because predators are preferentially targeted byfishermen and are typically the first removed by overfishing.With the abolition of fish traps and a generally greaterawareness of the consequences of overfishing, Bermuda’s reeffisheries now have a good chance of slowly restoringthemselves.The central goal of BBSR’s study of Bermudian no-takezones is to determine the effectiveness of existing reserves,with a secondary goal of making recommendations that mightenhance such reserves. Such improvements, if any arenecessary, might include changes inthe delineation of current no-takezones or perhaps more subtle shifts intheir management. Bermuda’ssituation provides us an opportunityto examine effectiveness of no-takezones both on the basis of their sizeand their age. For example, we mightexpect to see greater abundance,biomass and diversity of fishes inolder no-take zones than in newerones and in larger no-take zones thanin smaller ones.Siting and sizing of these marineprotected areas (MPAs) is far from astraightforward process. The 19 newno-take zones around Bermuda aresmall, located around the outer rim of Bermuda’s reef platform,and designed primarily to encompass popular dive sites.Almost all are centered around shipwrecks. Whether theseunits of Bermuda’s no-take network are really effective inpreserving, replenishing and exporting stocks of reef fishes arequestions BBSR scientists are addressing. Do they protecthabitats inappropriate to the network’s stated goals of buildingand sustaining healthy reef-fish stocks? Are the sites in greatestneed of protection those at which diving is infrequent and forwhich protection has therefore not been considered? Are theno-take zones too small?Our overall design focuses on comparing survey siteswithin no-take zones with those outside the no-take zones buton otherwise similar areas of reef in the same general location.With the abolition of fishtraps and a generally greaterawareness of the consequencesof overfishing, Bermuda's reeffisheries now have a goodchance of slowly restoringthemselves.In 2001, our effort was channeled mainly toward surveyingsites selected from among the ten original no-take zones andtheir adjacent control sites. In 2002, we will begin adding thenew reserves, now two years old.The two years over which BBSR’s MPA project currentlyruns will yield essential data and give us an idea of what ishappening within, among and outside Bermuda’s fisheriesreserves. Ultimately, though, this study is not a quick and easyone. It may take many years for overfished areas of theBermuda reef platform to show obvious signs of recovery. It iscritical that monitoring continuesover years and decades once thecurrent baseline has beenestablished. Such a database is aninvaluable tool to local fisheriesmanagers; in fact, monitoring is oneof the most important components inmanaging marine parks.The results of the study are notconfined to merely laying thisbaseline for future work, nor evensolely to informing policy withinBermuda that could have real andbeneficial repercussions for thecountry’s marine resources. Theimplementation of this surveyprogram has also laid thegroundwork for expanding BBSR’s participation in reef fishecology and fisheries-related research worldwide. Naturalextensions of this program will include a project that focuseson assessing and bolstering Bermuda’s threatened grouperfisheries resources.Further, studies conducted in Bermuda have the potentialto benefit other countries that may be quite disparate and farflung,just as work conducted in the Philippines, on the GreatBarrier Reef and elsewhere has contributed to the backgroundagainst which this project was conceived and has evolved. Thiscentral fact handily illustrates the profound interdependenceof the world’s natural and human communities, which itselfmirrors the connectivity that makes coral reefs suchremarkable systems.Top left: The spotfin butterfly fish (top), hog fish (center left) and queen parrot fish (center right) are vital parts of Bermuda’s fragilereef ecosystem. The predatory black grouper (bottom) is now a rare sight on Bermuda’s reefs.Center left: A map of the Bermuda platform showing Bermuda’s marine protected areas and BBSR’s study sites (from a mapproduced by the Bermuda Government)Lower left: Postdoctoral fellows Joanna Pitt (left) and Shane Paterson (center), and Assistant Research Scientist Dr. Robbie Smithdiscuss reef monitoring sites in the Benthic Ecology Research Program lab.5

Protecting theWorld’s MarineEnvironmentsBBSR has long been at the forefront of research into the impactsof pollutants on corals. This research history led to theestablishment in 1998 of the International Center for Ocean andHuman Health at BBSR, which examines both health of the oceanand health from the ocean (such as the potential forpharmaceutical development from marine organisms).Dr. Richard Owen describes the studieshe and the ecotoxicology group atBBSR are conducting to identify newpollution threats to corals. As Dr.Owen explains, one such threat, froman increasingly used additive to marineantifouling paints, may require urgentattention on a global basis if we are toprotect the future of the world’s coralreefs.PRIOR TO THE EARLY1990s,compounds called organotins werecommonly used in antifouling paintson ships’ hulls. However, research intothe ecological effects of organotins suchas tributyl tin (TbT) soon showed thatthese compounds were extremely toxicto marine organisms, particularlyaffecting the reproductive systems ofshellfish. In the early 1990s, TbT wasbanned for use on boats under 25m inlength. A full International MaritimeOrganization ban on the use of TbT onall shipping comes into force in 2003.The industry responded bydeveloping new antifouling paints,using so called “booster biocides”formulated with copper to preventfouling. Of these, two herbicides,Irgarol 1051 and diuron, have becomecommon in boat paints. While globalusage patterns are hard to evaluate, arecent study in the United Kingdomfound that 80 percent of antifoulingpaints on the market contained eitherIrgarol 1051 or diuron. Theseherbicides are designed to leach slowlyfrom the paint to prevent buildup ofbiofilms on boat hulls. A consequenceof this is a strong potential forcontamination of coastal waters bythese herbicides, which are moderatelysoluble and environmentally persistent,with Irgarol 1051, for example,reported to have a half-life in seawaterof between 100 and 200 days.While there were a number ofstudies showing considerablecontamination of coastal waters inEurope by Irgarol 1051, the distributionof this herbicide in tropical waters wasuntil very recently unknown. Workundertaken by BBSR and funded by theBermuda Government showedsubstantial Irgarol 1051 contaminationthroughout the inshore waters ofBermuda. BBSR has also sampled otherareas, such as the Florida Keys and St.Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, which also

show widespread contamination. Previous research at BBSRhad shown that corals rapidly take up contaminants, so theinitial surveys suggested the need for further investigation.My immediate thoughts after undertaking the initialdistribution studies of Irgarol 1051 concerned its impact onthe photosynthesis of zooxanthellae, the symbiotic algaeessential to the health of corals and which give them theircolor. It soon became clear that we had a persistentphotosynthetic inhibitor that is widespread in tropical coastalwaters with a clear potential for inhibiting photosynthesis ofcoral zooxanthellae. Coral reefs are among the mostbiologically diverse habitats on earth, and the extraordinaryproductivity of these ecosystems is a reflection of thecontributions of the corals’zooxanthellae to the host forgrowth, calcification and reproduction.Any contaminant thatinhibits their photosynthesiscould undermine the cornerstoneof these biologically andeconomically important marinehabitats.In 2001, my BBSR colleaguesand I began a detailedseries of toxicological studiesinvestigating inhibition of coralphotosynthesis by Irgarol 1051.We investigated its impact onisolated zooxanthellae from acommon inshore branching coral. The results took uscompletely by surprise. We saw substantial reduction inzooxanthellae photosynthesis after six to eight hours ofexposure at concentrations within the range reported forcoastal waters. Using coral respirometry techniques, we foundreduction in coral photosynthesis well within theconcentration range of Irgarol 1051 reported for Bermuda andthe Florida Keys. At concentrations considerably lower thanthose recently reported for tropical waters in some moreheavily contaminated areas such as Singapore, there was nonet photosynthesis, suggesting complete shutdown of thephotosynthetic apparatus.It is clear that Irgarol 1051 is a potent inhibitor of coralWe need to develop a suite ofdiagnostic assays for corals that willallow us to evaluate their healthstatus and alert us to subtlesublethal effects of pollutants beforeany irreversible ecological damagehas occurred.photosynthesis at environmentally relevant concentrations.What we don’t know yet are the effects on corals of chronicexposure to this herbicide, and potential interactions of othercontaminants and stressors such as temperature. We havesince expanded our research to study inhibition ofzooxanthellae photosynthesis by the other commonly usedantifouling herbicide, diuron, and other agriculturalherbicides used in tropical areas, such as atrazine. While allagricultural herbicides inhibit zooxanthellae photosynthesis,what is striking is that both Irgarol 1051 and diuron appear tobe by far the most acutely toxic of those we have examined todate.In the short term, there is a pressing need to establish theextent of contamination oftropical marine ecosystems bypersistent, toxic herbicides suchas these. In 2002, BBSR isextending its research to includethe MesoAmerican Reef inBelize. What is also clear is thatwe need to develop a suite ofdiagnostic assays for corals thatwill allow us to evaluate theirhealth status and alert us tosubtle sublethal effects ofpollutant mixtures before anyirreversible ecological damagehas occurred. This would allowproactive environmentalmanagement decisions to be made. In conjunction with BBSRAdjunct Scientist Dr. Michael Depledge at the University ofPlymouth, my BBSR colleagues Lucy Buxton, Dr. Samia Sarkisand I have developed a rapid assay for shellfish, a little like ablood cholesterol test, that shows whether these organisms arebeing exposed to toxic insecticides.The ecotoxicology team plans to expand initialcollaborative studies at BBSR with Dr. Robbie Smith andmolecular biologist Dr. Hank Trapido-Rosenthal, allowingtransfer of this type of approach to develop sensitive indicatorsof coral health. These sorts of biomarker approaches becomeeven more important as coastal populations grow and ourdemands and impacts on coastal ecosystems increase.Top left: Boats moored at Foot of the Lane Park in PagetCenter left: Summer course student Rui Coelho (left) and research technician Megan Toaspern take hemolymph samples fromBermuda scallops to test them for evidence of exposure to pesticides.Lower left: Research technicians Kelly Carbery (left) and Lucy Buxton (center), and Assistant Research Scientist Dr. Richard Owenextract zooxanthellae for use in coral health biomarker assays.7

Investigating theBuilding Blocksof Marine LifeBBSR’s International Center for Ocean and Human Health focusesnot only on the health of the ocean, such as the pollution threatsdescribed in the previous article by Dr. Richard Owen, but also onhealth from the ocean, in the form of new pharmaceuticals derivedfrom marine organisms.Here, Dr. Hank Trapido-Rosenthal,who leads BBSR’s molecular marinebiology program, describes BBSR’sgenomics research initiative. Thisresearch includes a bioprospectingprogram that he and his team at BBSRare conducting in partnership withDiversa, a biotechnology firm based inSan Diego. The research effort takesadvantage of the many species found inmarine ecosystems that lie right onBermuda’s doorstep. BBSR’sinvestigations in this area, which havefocused primarily on Bermuda’sinshore coral reef environment, arebeing expanded to include furtherinvestigation of the open ocean,perhaps the greatest untapped resourcefor marine natural products.Key partners in the BBSR initiativeare Dr. Stephen Giovannoni of OregonState University and BBSR AdjunctScientist Dr. Craig Carlson of theUniversity of California, Santa Barbara.These two microbiologists havedeveloped at BBSR a “marine microbialobservatory” at the Bermuda AtlanticTime-series Study site with fundingfrom the U.S. National ScienceFoundation. In 2001, initial seed fundingwas secured to begin an increasedgenomics research program in 2002.BBSR’S BIOPROSPECTINGprogram applies the tools ofgenomics and genetic engineering tothe task of searching for bioactivemolecules that have potential uses inthe medical and industrial worlds.“Genomics” refers to the study of thegenomes, the complete set of geneticblueprints, of organisms. My colleaguesand I are investigating the vast,untapped microbial biodiversity foundboth in the open ocean and inassociation with the benthic organisms,such as sponges and corals, that arefound in Bermuda’s shallower inshorewaters.In the case of pharmaceuticaldevelopment, the concept is as follows.Medical advances come mainly fromidentifying new ways of attackingdiseases by finding where in nature adesired process is either promoted orinhibited. Genomics, which gives usaccess to the entire genome of anorganism, provides us with anenormous source of new biologicaltargets as well as a new source ofpotential promoters and inhibitors thattake aim at those targets. Thanks to thehuman genome project, sequencinggenes is no longer a technological orrate-limiting issue. Now the key is

access to organisms with novel genetic material. The deepocean is considered the greatest untapped source of suchorganisms, and, because of Bermuda’s location, BBSR hasunique access to these deep ocean organisms on a daily basis.Our focus is on microbes because of the incrediblegenomic diversity that, collectively, these organisms possess.During the three billion years life has been evolving on earth,these microbes have developed the molecular machinerynecessary to thrive in every ecological condition present on theplanet. These include: temperatures that range from belowfreezing to above boiling; salt concentrations that range fromalmost zero to saturation (10 times the salinity of seawater);pressures that range from those found 20,000 feet below sealevel to those found 20,000 feet above; and energy sources thatrange from sunlight to sulfur topetroleum.The overwhelming majorityof these organisms, morethan 99 percent, have neverbeen cultured and thus remaintaxonomically obscure toscience. Yet from the remainingfraction of one percent thathumans have domesticatedhave come a vast array ofcompounds of immense medicaland economic value.In coral reefs, like thosesurrounding Bermuda, biodiversityresides not so much in the corals themselves (morethan 800 species of reef-building corals worldwide), but withthe huge number of species, many microbial, that live inharmony with them (estimates range from one million to ninemillion).Many of the microbes BBSR scientists are interested inlive in symbiotic association with the plants and animalsfound in Bermuda’s inshore waters. For instance, as much as50 percent of the dry weight of a marine sponge may consist ofbacteria, and a single sponge can be populated by dozens ofdifferent bacterial species. Marine scientists believe that thesemicrobial symbionts are often responsible for theextraordinarily wide range of interesting chemicals for whichsponges are famous.The key is access to organisms withnovel genetic material. The deep oceanis considered the greatest untappedsource of such organisms, and BBSRhas unique access to these deep oceanorganisms on a daily basis.In the past, marine natural products chemists did theirbioprospecting by homogenizing large quantities of aparticular organism, for example a sponge, in organic solventssuch as methanol or hexane. They would then look forchemicals of interest in these homogenates. When theydiscovered something of interest, often in vanishingly smallamounts, they would have to collect and process more of thesponge to obtain more of the valuable chemical. To obtainmarketable quantities of this compound, huge quantities ofsponge would need to be harvested. Such harvesting would bedamaging to a large coral reef ecosystem, such as Australia’sGreat Barrier Reef; it would be devastating to a small reefenvironment such as Bermuda’s.One alternative to large-scale harvesting of wildpopulations would be “farming”of the sponge. Another would beto use the tools and techniquesof organic chemistry tosynthetically produce chemicalsof interest. Both of thesetechniques have their ownenvironmental and economicexpenses and pitfalls.With the advent of genomicand genetic engineeringtechnologies, anenvironmentally friendly andeconomically viable alternativeto the old-fashionedbioprospecting techniques has been developed. Now scientistsat BBSR can collect a small sample of sponge, extract the DNAfrom that sponge and its associated microbes, and clone it intoa domesticated strain of laboratory bacteria. The cloned DNAcontains all of the blueprints necessary for the biologicalsynthesis of whatever chemicals the sponge and its symbiontswere capable of producing. At this point, it becomes possibleto literally “train” the genetically engineered bacteria to createlarge quantities of the sought-after drug or other chemical ofinterest.My colleagues and I have high hopes that this low-impactbioprospecting method will enable BBSR to discovernumerous valuable chemical treasures beneath Bermuda’swaters.Top left: Numerous useful marine microbes live in symbiosis with the larger organisms – such as these sponges and tunicates – foundin Bermuda’s marine ecosystems.Above center: Associate Research Scientist Dr. Hank Trapido-Rosenthal collects sample organisms from Bermuda’s reefs.Below center: Microscopic viruses and bacteria, along with a larger flagellate, are collected at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Studysite and examined in BBSR’s Marine Microbial Observatory lab.Lower left: Dr. Hank Trapido-Rosenthal (left), research technician Sandra Zielke (right) and intern Daniela Malandruccolo process DNAfrom marine organisms.9

UnderstandingOcean-ClimateVariabilityPerhaps no program demonstrates the importance of Bermuda’slocation for marine research better than BBSR’s long-term effortto understand climate variability.The keys to this effort are Hydrostation“S,” begun in 1954 at a site 12 milesfrom Bermuda and considered thelongest continuous, year-round recordof measurements of any spot in theopen ocean; and its sister site, theBermuda Atlantic Time-series Study(BATS). These programs monitor thechanges of the physics, chemistry andbiology of the ocean surroundingBermuda, and over time are yieldingnew insights about ocean variability.BBSR’s Center for IntegratedOcean Observations, which examines arange of climate-related issues, wasstrengthened in 2001 by contributionsfrom two new faculty members, Drs.Peter Sedwick and Michael Lomas, andpostdoctoral fellow Dr. AlexandraAmat. Below, Dr. Nick Bates describessome of BBSR’s climate variabilityresearch to demonstrate how BBSRscientists are working together as partof this larger program.PEOPLE ARE NATURALLYcuriousabout the weather. It affects us all,whether we wake up to a fresh foot ofnew snow in the mountains ofColorado, or tune in to the WeatherChannel during hurricane season asanother storm brews in the tropics.Weather reflects a constantly changingset of conditions, such as temperature,precipitation and winds, over hours,days or weeks.Climate, on the other hand, is thebroad composite of average weatherconditions for a specific region overlonger periods, from years to centuriesto millennia. Climate can also refer tothe “mean” state of the entire planet orto particular regions, such as continentsor oceans.Perceptions about climate havechanged as we use a vast array of newtechnologies to learn more about theplanet. For example, we now canpredict reasonably accurately whetheran El Niño-Southern Oscillation isbeginning or waning. The underlyingcause of an El Niño event is a warmingof water in the tropical region of theeastern Pacific Ocean. This temperaturerise alters the pattern of ocean andatmospheric currents, which in turnalters weather patterns regionally andglobally. Some regions become warmerand wetter, others colder and drierduring an El Niño event. Anotherpattern of climate variability, the NorthAtlantic Oscillation (NAO), hasbrought warmer, wetter and stormierwinter weather across much ofnorthern Europe over the last decade.Gathering information about andunderstanding the underlying causes ofthese climate phenomena has growing

importance, since both El Niño and NAO profoundly affecthuman activities and the global economy, for example theagricultural and fisheries industries.As we learn more about climate, it has becomeincreasingly clear that there is a complex interaction or“dance” between the ocean and the atmosphere whichinfluences climate variability. While studying climate of thecontinents is aided by thousands of monitoring stations acrossthe globe that constantly record each day’s weather, our abilityto understand the physical interactions between ocean andatmosphere is hindered by the relatively fewer amounts of datacollected for the oceans. Longtermocean observations arethus inordinately important forunderstanding the relationshipsbetween the ocean and atmosphere,and the response of theocean’s circulation and biologyto climate variability.Recent studies by BBSRresearchers indicate that thephysics and biology of thenorthwest Atlantic Oceanrespond to climate variabilitysuch as NAO. For example,surface ocean temperaturescool, mixed layers deepen andrates of photosynthesis for marine plants increase during theso-called NAO negative phase, which last occurred in 1996.This happens in response to winter storms being pushedfurther out across the seas surrounding Bermuda, rather thanto the northwest toward Iceland. Studies I am conducting withDr. Niki Gruber of the University of California at Los Angelesindicate that the physics and biology of the entire NorthAtlantic Ocean respond in a coordinated way to climatevariability such as NAO.Climate variability also plays a role in affecting the globalbalance between the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO 2 ) by the ocean or release of CO 2 to the atmosphere fromthe ocean. During the last decade, coinciding with a long-termchange in NAO, the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda has absorbedAs we learn more about climate,it has become increasingly clear thatthere is a complex interactionor “dance" between the ocean andthe atmosphere which influencesclimate variability.an extra 0.6 to 2.8 gigatonnes of CO 2 compared to the 1970sand 1980s. This represents a large change in the ocean storageof CO 2 that has been released to the atmosphere by humanactivities. Without BBSR’s long-term observations at BATS andHydrostation “S,” we could not have shown this profoundchange in the global carbon cycle.Our studies at BBSR also are beginning to reveal thatclimate variability has an impact on coral reefs, and on theirability to calcify and provide a framework structure for manyanimal species. During the last NAO negative phase, we foundthat coral reef biological processes shifted from calcification byhard coral reef species tophotosynthetic fixation of CO 2by benthic macroalgae. Suchchanges highlight a dynamicinteraction between coral reefsand climate variability.It has been hypothesizedthat coral reef calcification ratesmay decline in the future due toincreasing levels of atmosphericCO 2 change and reduction ofinorganic carbon speciesavailable for calcification. Ifatmospheric CO 2 levelscontinue to increase, the futureviability of coral reefs asframework structures for complex biological ecosystems isuncertain. Indeed, some studies have predicted that futureatmospheric CO 2 levels would threaten coral reefs in placeslike Bermuda.However, new experimental data, collected with my BBSRcolleagues Drs. Alexandra Amat and Robbie Smith, indicates amore optimistic future for Bermuda’s coral reefs. Alreadyadapted to seasonal change, they appear able to continue tocalcify under higher levels of CO 2 .These examples illustrate the range of BBSR researchactivities focused on assessing the variability of the ocean andthe response to climate variability and change. As our studiescontinue, please stay tuned to reports on BBSR’s OceanWeather (Climate) Channel.Top left: The El Niño-Southern Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation can cause warm, rainy weather in some regions of theworld. Underlying causes and effects of both of these climate phenomena can be found in the ocean.Center left: Marine technician James Caison and Weatherbird II crew member Shawn Lake deploy CTD equipment at the BermudaAtlantic Time-series Study site. The CTD collects information and samples from the deep ocean off Bermuda.Lower left: Dr. Nicholas Bates, a BBSR associate research scientist, and Dr. Alexandra Amat, a postdoctoral fellow, use VINDTAequipment to measure the alkalinity of a water sample for their research into the effects of the carbon cycle on climate variability.11

Searching the Pastfor Tomorrow’sForecastsCollaborative problem solving is the foundation of BBSR’s RiskPrediction Initiative (RPI). Established in 1994, RPI is an innovativescience-business partnership that helps businesses betterunderstand, assess and manage climate-related risks.With funding from and activeinvolvement by seven insurance orreinsurance companies, RPI hascovered a range of issues, includingforecasts of El Niño, Atlantichurricanes and European windstorms.There is perhaps no place better thanBermuda for such a program, givenBBSR’s long-term time-series of climatemeasurements (see article by Dr. NickBates on page 10) and the strong globalreinsurance industry presence on theisland.In addition to tapping into theresident expertise of BBSR’s faculty,RPI also works closely with leadingclimate scientists from around theworld. BBSR Associate ResearchScientist Dr. Rick Murnane, whomanages the RPI science program,describes how two workshopsorganized by RPI in 2001 provided aforum for a better understanding ofclimate risks.TWO RECENT RPI workshopsfocused on the improvement andconsolidation of historical records andarchives that are analogous to the longtermtime-series measurements carriedout by BBSR scientists. One workshopconcerned tropical cyclone records heldby countries affected by tropicalcyclones in the Northwest Pacific. Theother workshop examined temperatureand precipitation records collected bythe U.S. National Weather Service.The importance of tropicalcyclone, weather and climate recordsextends beyond scientific studies ofclimate change and the carbon cycle tobusinesses trying to reduce their risk ofloss from tropical cyclone landfall orweather extremes. Records of the trackand intensity of past tropical cyclonesprovide crucial information fordeveloping estimates of hurricane andtyphoon landfall probabilities. Archivesof temperature and precipitation atnumerous weather stations in theUnited States can yield estimates of therisk of extreme heat, cold, drought andflood. Improvements andenhancements to these records willhelp RPI sponsors better assess theprobabilities of tropical cyclone landfalland of extremes in temperature andprecipitation, leading to better businessdecisions.The November workshop wascosponsored with the U.S. NationalWeather Service and titled “Workshopon the Potential Development of aUnified Northwestern Pacific (NWPAC)Tropical Cyclone Best-Track Data Set.”Representatives from the meteorologicalagencies of nine countries gatheredin Hawaii to discuss the feasibility,

desirability and potential development of a unified best-trackdata set for typhoons in the Northwestern Pacific.The best-track records of the tropical cyclone include dataon the latitude, longitude and wind speed at six-hour intervalsduring the lifetime of the storm. Tropical cyclone best-trackdata are used to estimate the probability of tropical cyclonelandfall and to forecast tropical storm intensity. The landfallprobabilities are used in a wide range of activities, includinginsurance and finance, emergency management and thedevelopment of building codes. Best-track data is of such greatvalue that the United States government is funding a reanalysisof the best-track data for hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean.This will extend the start of the Atlantic best-track data set from1886 to 1850. (Tropical cyclonesabove tropical storm strength arecalled hurricanes if they are in theAtlantic basin and typhoons if theyare in the Northwest Pacific.)The quality of best-track data forthe Atlantic is much better than thatfor the Pacific. Best-track data sets forthe Northwest Pacific have numerousproblems. Many sources of data arenot incorporated into the best-trackdata sets, multiple inconsistent datasets exist and there is a lack of acoherent effort to combine the bestparts from each data set into a singlebest-track data set. The multiple datasets are inconsistent because a varietyof meteorological agencies use theirown techniques for the collection, analysis and archiving oftyphoon data.Climate scientists attending the workshop believe theneed for quality best-track data and reliable estimates oftyphoon landfall probabilities is becoming more urgent as thenumber of people and the amount of property at risk totyphoons continues to grow.The participants agreed that there is great value and asignificant need for a unified NWPAC best-track data set andproduced a resolution supporting the development of such adata set. The ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee accepted thisresolution and formed a working group to develop a plan forassembling and maintaining the data set.Improvements andenhancements to these recordswill help RPI sponsors betterassess the probabilities oftropical cyclone landfall andof extremes in temperatureand precipitation, leading tobetter business decisions.In October, RPI cosponsored “A Workshop for theWeather Risk Management Industry and NOAA: ClimateForecast and Data Needs” with the National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Weather RiskManagement Association. The weather-risk managementindustry is mainly composed of energy, insurance andfinancial companies that use weather derivatives and contractsto offset the financial risk associated with extremes intemperature or rainfall.The probabilities of temperature and precipitationextremes are estimated using a combination of historicalrecords of temperature and precipitation, and short- and longrangeforecasts. The importance of temperature andprecipitation data and forecastsshaped the two main goals of theworkshop.The first goal was to provide RPIsponsors, and other users of NOAAclimate and forecast data, theopportunity to learn how better to useand interpret NOAA’s temperatureand precipitation data and forecastproducts. This was achieved throughtechnical discussions with the NOAApersonnel that collect and archive thedata and produce the forecasts. Thesecond goal was to provide NOAAwith the opportunity to determinehow to more effectively meet users’requirements for climate data andforecasts.The two-day workshop included a variety of presentationsby invited speakers from industry and government and aseries of break-out sessions.Workshop participants produced a variety ofrecommended actions for NOAA and the weather-riskmanagement industry that will be published in the Bulletin ofthe American Meteorological Society in 2002. The actionswere aimed at improving the use and delivery of NOAAclimate data and forecast products, developing new NOAAproducts and services, and considering the possibility of theprivate sector financially supporting specific NOAA activities.NOAA is already putting some of the recommendationsinto action.Top left: A tropical cyclone in the Pacific Ocean threatens California’s Baja peninsula.Center left: A portion of a 2001 best-track data chart for tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean (from the U.S. National HurricaneCenter). This chart summarizes information for each storm, including its location and intensity, throughout its life cycle. Scientists at anRPI-sponsored workshop resolved to develop a unified best-track data set for the Northwest Pacific.Lower left: Science program manager Dr. Richard Murnane (right), communications technician Charles King (center) and scienceliaison Susan Howard discuss the agenda for the next Risk Prediction Initiative workshop.13

Providingthe Spark forFuture ScientistsBBSR's reputation as a marine science institution has been built onkey collaborations and partnerships. This is not only important forcarrying out BBSR’s research programs, but also for its mission ofmarine science education at all academic levels.Since Harvard Professor E.L. Mark firstbrought a group of students toBermuda, resulting in BBSR’s foundingalmost a century ago, education hasbeen a core element of BBSR’scontribution to Bermuda and the worldof science.As Dr. Fred Lipschultz, head ofacademic affairs for BBSR, describesbelow, behind the scenes are someessential partners who help makeBBSR’s academic programs possible. Inthis article, he describes the impact thatone individual is having on youngscientists by helping to provide achallenging and inspirationaleducational experience at BBSR.FOR MANY STUDENTS, a visit tothe Bermuda Biological Station forResearch is a life-transforming event.Year after year, my colleagues and Ion the faculty and staff at BBSR arereminded of this simple fact by theletters of thanks we receive fromstudents awarded scholarships toattend BBSR courses. Of course thepresence of several current BBSRfaculty members or postdoctoralfellows (Nick Bates, Joanna Pitt, SamiaSarkis, Kent Simmons and RobbieSmith) who came to BBSR for coursesor internships at some point in theiracademic training is also a constantreminder.This educational experience atBBSR would not be possible withoutthe involvement of donors who providescholarships or support for specificprograms.There are many examples: The U.S.National Science Foundation’s ResearchExperience for Undergraduates (REU)program, which allowed eight talentedstudents in the fall of 2001 to gainintensive, independent studyexperience at BBSR. The John andRosemary Galbraith Scholarship atEckerd College, awarded in 2001 toTheresa Byrnes, which allows onestudent from that university to study atBBSR each summer. The continuingsupport of Cable & Wireless for theJason Project at BBSR, which educatesthousands of Bermudian schoolchildreneach year via interactivebroadcasts received in BBSR’s HansonHall. In addition, general educationalsupport from BBSR’s Annual Funddonors enables BBSR to offer jointundergraduate semesters for studentsfrom Duke University, the University ofRhode Island and other universities.But perhaps no example betterillustrates the role of scholarships thanBBSR’s summer course program. For

three decades, this program has provided an intensive learningexperience for students from around the world, usually at thegraduate or advanced undergraduate level. Significantscholarship support has for many years been provided by theExxon Mobil Corporation, the Canadian and U.K. Associatesof BBSR, and donors like Donald Delikat, who first learnedabout BBSR as a participant in a visiting educational group.Another major source of support for these and otherBBSR students comes from endowed funds at BBSR, and this islargely the result of the passion for education of oneindividual, Ernest Stempel. A BBSR Life Trustee, he has helpedsupport educational experiencesat BBSR for students from manycountries by making possiblegrants to BBSR from twophilanthropies on whose boardshe serves: the Starr Foundationand the Ernest E. StempelFoundation.In 2001, 19 of the 80students taking BBSR summercourses, from a total of eightcountries, were awarded Starror Stempel scholarships. LettersBBSR received from some of the2001 Starr and StempelScholars illustrate the educationalspark that intensive study at BBSR can have on thescientific career of a young student.Caroline Johnson, a student in marine biology and coastalecology at the University of Plymouth, U.K., attended theTropical Marine Invertebrates course. Noting that degreeprograms in her home country do not offer field courses, sheemphasized the importance of BBSR as a resource for U.K.students needing exposure to fieldwork in a non-temperateregion.Caroline’s time at BBSR provided another importantbenefit: networking with students from other countries whoshare similar interests. In her case, this resulted in thecontinuation of research initiated by another Starr scholar,Bermudian Lisa Rodrigues, on the hermit crab Calcinus verrillifound in Bermuda.Since Harvard Professor E.L. Markfirst brought a group of students toBermuda, resulting in BBSR’sfounding almost a century ago,education has been a core element ofBBSR’s contribution to Bermudaand the world of science.Caroline’s research is being incorporated into a requiredfinal year research project for her degree. Following Lisa’sparticipation in the 2001 Pathology of Coastal Organismscourse at BBSR, she entered the doctoral program at theUniversity of Pennsylvania, where she will conduct research oncoral bleaching.For Venezuelan doctoral student Lya Neuberger-Cywiak,her participation in the Human Health and the Ocean coursewas her second BBSR visit. In 2000, she attended the MarineEcotoxicology course with funding from another endowment,the Roger Perry Scholarship, which provides support forstudents from developingnations. Lya noted that thecourse not only provided asource of ideas for projects inthe laboratory, but also enableddirect contact with faculty whoare specialists in the field andwith whom she hopes to workin the future.Daniel Kramer, a doctoralstudent at the University ofMinnesota, brought a differentperspective – environmentaleconomics – to the Coral ReefEcology course. Daniel’sresearch addresses thedegradation of coral reefs and its impacts on island economiesthat depend on these productive ecosystems, a theme runningthrough the research described by Drs. Shane Paterson andRichard Owen elsewhere in this report.Daniel noted that the course gave him several ideas forfuture research, saying, “As an economist who spends a greatdeal of time attempting to understand the complexrelationship between man and nature, it is readily apparentthat the work of BBSR is vital to furthering social welfare.”Each year we hear similar stories from BBSR alumni aboutthe educational spark that their experience as a Starr, Stempel,ExxonMobil or other scholar has provided. In 2003, we lookforward to celebrating the centennial anniversary of the firstgroup of students brought to BBSR by E.L. Mark. Among thecentennial events will be a reunion of BBSR alumni.Top left: Students in BBSR’s Tropical Marine Invertebrates summer course collect data at Spittal Pond.Above center: Venezuelan doctoral student Lya Neuberger-Cywiak analyzes samples in the lab for the Marine Ecotoxicology course.She also received a summer course scholarship to attend BBSR’s Human Health and the Ocean course in 2001.Below center: Duke University students in BBSR’s Beaufort to Bermuda Program sort sediment cores from a seagrass bed.Lower left: BBSR Life Trustee Ernest Stempel (center) meets a few of the 2001 Stempel and Starr Scholars at BBSR. Left to right: LyaNeuberger-Cywiak, Lisa Rodrigues, Ernest Stempel, Zorana Spasojevic and Quincy Burgess15

Honor Roll of DonorsLeadership Gifts 2001We are especially grateful to the following leadership donors who have donated or pledged$10,000 or more to the New Horizon Campaign in 2001. These donors are also listedin this honor roll under the specific categories to which they contributed.Anonymous (2)The ACE FoundationACE Tempest Reinsurance LimitedAT&T FoundationAmerican International Company, LimitedAmerican Re-Insurance CompanyBank of Bermuda FoundationMr. S. Andrew BanksDr. G. Hein BesselaarMr. and Mrs. Jeremiah M. BogertMr. and Mrs. Michael ButtThe Byrne FoundationCable & Wireless Bermuda LimitedCanadian Associates of BBSMr. and Mrs. Robert E. CawthornBill and Anne CharrierMr. and Mrs. Brian DuperreaultMrs. Traudl Engelhorn-VechiattoExxon Mobil CorporationFidelity International FoundationMr. and Mrs. John W. GalbraithGeneral Atlantic Group Ltd.Global Oceans Research GroupMr. and Mrs. Allan GrayMr. Peter GreenMr. and Mrs. Brian R. HallThe Christian Humann FoundationMr. and Mrs. Charles L. KlineLoomis, Sayles & Company, L.P.Mr. and Mrs. Hugh P. LowensteinMr. and Mrs. Raymond E. MooreMostyn Foundation, Inc.Curtis and Edith Munson FoundationMutual Risk Management Ltd.Erling D. Naess Fund for Marine ResearchMr. and Mrs. Michael R. NaessMr. P. Fredrik NaessBrian and Nancy O'HaraMr. and Mrs. Ross PerotThe Pew Charitable TrustsRenaissance Reinsurance Ltd.Mr. and Mrs. Christopher du P. RooseveltThe Wendell and Margaret SmithFoundationThe Starr FoundationState Farm Fire and Casualty CompanyErnest E. Stempel FoundationSwiss Reinsurance CompanyThomas Miller (Bermuda) Ltd.Transworld Oil LimitedEd & Bobbie TrippeUnited Services Automobile AssociationG. Unger Vetlesen FoundationMr. and Mrs. George A. WardmanXL Foundation Ltd.XL Re Ltd.We would like to thank BBSR’s Annual Fund Committee for their hard work and dedication in 2001:Committee chair Amanda Sodergren, Susan M. Butterfield, David Carruthers, Elizabeth A.C. Durrant,Victor H. Garcia, Fiona E. Luck, Buddy Rego and Jonathan F. Reiss.16

Honor Roll of DonorsThe Associates Program 2001E.L. Mark SocietyMr. S. Andrew BanksDr. G. Hein BesselaarMr. and Mrs. Jeremiah M. BogertMr. and Mrs. Michael ButtMr. and Mrs. Mark J. ByrneMr. and Mrs. Robert E. CawthornBill and Anne CharrierMr. and Mrs. Brian DuperreaultMrs. Traudl Engelhorn-VechiattoMr. Peter GreenMr. and Mrs. Charles L. KlineMr. and Mrs. Hugh P. LowensteinMr. and Mrs. Michael R. NaessMr. P. Fredrik NaessBrian and Nancy O'HaraMr. and Mrs. Ross PerotMr. and Mrs. George A. WardmanBeebe SocietyMr. David N. BarenborgMr. Michael R. BloombergMr. and Mrs. H. Boyce BuddMr. and Mrs. Richard D. ButterfieldRichard M. and Helen T. FraserMs. Diana H. FrazierMr. and Mrs. John W. GalbraithDr. and Mrs. James N. GallowayMr. and Mrs. Ove HöeghFiona Luck and Nigel J.G. KermodeDr. and Mrs. Edward F. MacNichol, Jr.Ms. Janecke C. MadsenMr. and Mrs. Franklin W. NutterMrs. Susan A. OuterbridgeMr. and Mrs. Christopher du P. RooseveltMr. and Mrs. Henry SmithMr. and Mrs. Ian StreckerEd & Bobbie TrippeMrs. Laurie Wadson & Mrs. HeatherLittlejohnIselin SocietyAnonymousMr. and Mrs. W. Neville ConyersMr. and Mrs. Brian R. HallMr. and Mrs. Stephen HartMs. Nancy O. LowMr. and Mrs. John Ely RiegelMrs. Anne T. RikerMr. and Mrs. Richard D. SpurlingMary and Redwood WrightBBSR FellowsAnonymousDavid and Valerie BrownDr. and Mrs. James N. ButlerMr. and Mrs. Dudley G. ButterfieldElfrida ChappellDr. Thomas M. ChurchMr. and Mrs. John Kent Cooke, Jr.Mr. and Mrs. R.J. CooneyMr. Clayton P. CormierMr. and Mrs. Roderick A. FergusonHarold and Mary FrithRachel L. Galbraith and Art WatsonMr. and Mrs. Warner W. GardnerMr. and Mrs. Christopher V. GreethamJoy Chambers-Grundy and RegGrundy, O.B.E.Mr. David P. GutteridgeDr. and Mrs. Idwal Wyn HughesMr. and Mrs. Royle KempDr. and Mrs. Anthony H. KnapMr. and Mrs. Arthur LeightonMr. and Mrs. J.R.H. LightbournMr. Arne NaessMrs. George M. ParkerLady PearmanSir John Plowman, C.B.E.Michael D. Quinn and Mary Foster-QuinnMr. and Mrs. James B. RichardsMr. Jay SaadianMrs. Mary Jordan SaundersMr. and Mrs. Walter A. ScottDr. Arch C. ScurlockMr. Dennis SherwinMr. Stuart D. SmithMr. and Mrs. Donald StoneSir John and Lady SwanPatrons ClubAnonymousMr. and Mrs. Per ArnebergMr. and Mrs. Henry AshworthMr. and Mrs. J. Stewart Bryan IIIMr. and Mrs. John G. BurlandDr. and Mrs. James Burnett-HerkesDr. Craig E. DormanRobert S. FleischerDr. and Mrs. Stephen L. GardinerMs. Astrid GiffordMr. Patrick T. HaganKen and Marg HammondRichard D. and Polly B. HillBuell and Margaret HollisterDr. and Mrs. John KnaussMr. and Mrs. Frederick J. KollmorgenMr. and Mrs. Sjur H. LinbergMr. and Mrs. Paul R. LovejoyPrice and Carolyn LowensteinGarry and Julie MadeirosDr. John J. McDermottMr. and Mrs. A.R. Moulton IIIMr. and Mrs. Robert A. MulderigMr. and Mrs. Robert L. NasonGretl NunnemacherJanet OuterbridgeMr. and Mrs. Carl E. PainterGary Pantry and Jeanne ParéTerry Pearman-CastleMr. and Mrs. Sidney PurveyMr. and Mrs. Bernard RattrayMrs. Fred M. ReissDr. Irene E. RoeckelBarry and Pam ShailerDr. June Lindstedt SivaMr. and Mrs. Reginald A.R. SmithMr. and Mrs. Leonard I. SolondzDr. and Mrs. John H. SteeleDaniel and Anne StenekerMary Young TuckerMr. and Mrs. Robert N. TuckerCummings and Katherine Zuill17

Honor Roll of DonorsThe Associates Program ContinuedSustaining AssociatesAnonymousMr. and Mrs. Mickey AdderleyDavid and Elma AnfossiDavid and Elizabeth AshurstMr. Arthur W. AtwoodMr. and Mrs. Geoffrey R. BirdDr. and Mrs. Edwin Boger, Sr.Malcolm A. BorgDr. and Mrs. Francis P. BowlesMaxwell BruceMichael and Gillian BurpeeThe Chambaz FamilyDr. Richard H. ColbyTom and Heather ConyersDr. and Mrs. William R. CookeDavid CopePeter and Sally DarlingRoger and Lee DavidsonJohn and Marilyn DickinsonLeonard DoarsMr. and Mrs. Michel J. DrewElizabeth A.C. DurrantDr. and Mrs. David F. DyerMr. and Mrs. Edgar C. FeltonMrs. Josephine FinsnessMr. and Mrs. Keith FisherMr. Robert S. FleischerMr. and Mrs. William de V. FrithDr. Ian Fulton and Mrs. Anna FultonRory and Gayle GormanMalcolm and Mary GoslingMr. Michael HamerMrs. Phyllis D. HarronMr. A. Elystan HaycockMr. and Mrs. Arthur E. HaycockDr. Paul A. HolleKeith and Norrie HollisMiss Rosemary HolmesScott Hunter and Janet KempCarl and Suzi JohnsonMr. and Mrs. J.C.H. JohnsonMr. and Mrs. Charles W. Kempe, Jr.Mr. and Mrs. Richard J. KinneyMr. and Mrs. Scott G. KitsonMrs. A. Bodine LamontMr. and Mrs. Robert F. LeeGeorgia E. Lesh-Laurie & William F. LaurieDonald and Janine LinesMr. and Mrs. Larry P. LombardoDr. and Mrs. Fred T. MackenzieJohn and Janet McCullochAlan and Rochelle McGowanMr. and Mrs. L.N. Mills IIMr. A.E. MingMrs. Dorothy J. MitchellMs. Jennifer L. MoeMr. Louis K. MowbrayMr. Richard Olney IIIMr. and Mrs. Evan OuterbridgeHarold R. Pestana, Ph.D.Mr. and Mrs. Donaldson C. PillsburyFrana B. PriceMr. Jonathan F. ReissMrs. Olga W. RevelerMr. and Mrs. John SainsburyDavid and Christine SaulPaul and Janet SlaughterMr. and Mrs. Mark SmithMr. and Mrs. Robin Spencer-ArscottTerry and Joan StevensDr. Elijah W. StommelMr. David B. StoneMr. and Mrs. John TalbotMr. and Mrs. William C. TaylorBuffy TompkinsdeForest and Dorothy TriminghamSharon VeseyLlewellyn and Betty VorleyJoyce WatlingtonDr. Peter G. WellsMrs. Joan S. WhiteMrs. Nea P. WillitsDr. David B. WingateMr. and Mrs. John H. Young IIMr. and Mrs. William S. Zuill, Jr.Chartered AssociatesAnonymousLaurie AbelMr. Walter AdderleyMrs. Tia D. AndrewEd and Pat ArgentaMr. and Mrs. J. Christopher AstwoodMr. Don BakerMrs. Jean BathColin and Moyra BenbowMr. and Mrs. Alan M. BerglMonica BerryDr. Rosanne BonjouklianMr. and Mrs. J.R. BowkerMr. and Mrs. William J. BrewerSandra G. BrooksDavid S. BrownMr. and Mrs. Warren A. BrownDr. Beth BurnsideMrs. G. Dorothea L. Butterfield, J.P.Mr. Than ButterfieldAnne T. ButtrickMr. and Mrs. Frank CapstickMr. Minturn V. ChaceDiana Cadorin and Eric CollinsMr. and Mrs. David CarruthersTed and Loretta CassidyNigel & Diana ChudleighHazel CliffordCaptain F.W. ClipperJim CluneJohn and Judy CollisMargaret CollisMrs. Margaret I. CooperStephen and Carolyn CopelandMrs. H.C.D. CoxMr. P. Leslie CraneMr. and Mrs. C.H.B. CrissonGeorge and Sue CubbonCarleen CurrieMr. and Mrs. J. Henry DallasMr. and Mrs. Gilbert DarrellMr. and Mrs. Ian H. DavidsonMr. and Mrs. Nicholas B. Dill, Jr.Andrew-John DittrichTerry and Mary DraycottEdward and Christine EdelsonDr. David W. EllisDr. and Mrs. John W. FarringtonDominic J. FredericoHannah Gardner and Patrick O'DonnellMr. and Mrs. Ted GauntlettLeonard and Sally GibbonsSir Richard and Lady GorhamWilliam and Barbara Gove18

Honor Roll of DonorsThe Associates Program ContinuedMr. and Mrs. Ralph G. GrannemanMr. Gene GrellMrs. Rose Mary GrovesRear Admiral and Mrs. Thomas F. HallBruce and Annette HallettDagmar and Paul HannonStephen "Straws" HaycockMr. and Mrs. J. Henry HaywardRobert and Jennifer HedgesMr. and Mrs. William H. HillDiana and James HindessMr. and Mrs. Frank W. HoggSusan HollandMrs. Margaret A. HolmesMr. Townsend HornorMr. and Mrs. C.H. Ford HutchingsDr. Clarence E. JamesGordon Johnson and WendyDavis-JohnsonJohn B. JohnsonDuane and Cosette KellyMr. and Mrs. Richard KleinPeg KocherMr. and Mrs. Louis F. LaunSir Edwin Leather, KCMG, KCVO, LLDJim and Donna LeitchDr. and Mrs. Fred K. LepplePeta LewinR. McLeod LightbournRicky LinesDrs. Gerald J. Longa and Gabriella CastilloMrs. Stanley MarslandGervase and Elsie MarsonEdith A. MaynardWilliam and Sandy MayorDr. Dieter MeischnerJudith E. MichieBill and Hilary MidonGeoffrey and Ann MooreCapt. and Mrs. J. Willard MooreDr. Donald A. MunsonSheila NicollMr. and Mrs. David NotmanMr. Robert NunnemacherMr. and Mrs. William E. OakleyMr. and Mrs. Bernard OatleyMr. and Mrs. Robert OatleyCapt. and Mrs. Wallace S. Olivey, O.B.E.Mr. and Mrs. Eric N. ParkerDr. Henry PaulusMr. and Mrs. Sheldon L. PerinchiefMrs. J.B. PerkinsAudrey N. PertlMr. and Mrs. E. Llewellyn PettyJoan and Fred PimentelJudith PittMr. and Mrs. Albert A. PowellJuan and Nancy PradoDr. Firoz RahemtullaPenny ReissMr. and Mrs. Sam RikerDr. Sean and Mrs. Heidi RingstedDr. Shepherd K. RobertsMrs. Rita RothwellMr. and Mrs. Laurence P. RubinowMr. and Mrs. L. Eugene SaundersMiss Winifred C. SavillElsie M. ScottColin and Elizabeth SelleyJoan ShadboltDavid and Susan SimsWalter and Sabina SlavinMr. and Mrs. Jan SpieringMary G. SteinhoffMr. and Mrs. Brian StephensonMr. and Mrs. J.E.P. StewartMrs. Ivan SwanJohn and Joan TaplinMr. and Mrs. Carl W. Timpson, Jr.Glenn and Susan TittertonMr. and Mrs. Clive R. TobinJim and Eve ToddMiss Celia G. TuzoMartha and George VaughnMr. and Mrs. N.H.P. VeseyS. Wainwright IIIMr. and Mrs. David WareRobert WarrenDr. Warren M. WashingtonTalbot H. WatermanMrs. J. Bluck WatersJean L. WatersPeter and Katherine WatsonFiona and Peter WignallMrs. Olive WilkinsonMr. and Mrs. Colin WilliamsClaudine WilsonMr. and Mrs. Richard J. WinchellKeith and Helene WinterDr. and Mrs. Joseph H. WoolfMrs. Anna WrightMr. and Mrs. Edward T. WrightMr. and Mrs. Colin R. YoungMr. and Mrs. Michael K. YoungG. Roger YounieContributing AssociatesAnonymous (6)Tom and Lois AitchisonMr. Lance ArnoldDr. Ali ArouziSydney and Sheila BamberPeter and Joan BanksEdmund and Gretchen BatchelarDr. Dorothy Johnson BeaversMr. Brian W. BillingsMr. and Mrs. Ralph BrobergDuffy and Laurie BrookesMrs. Anne BrownOlga CardGary and Debra CargillDr. and Mrs. Craig A. CarlsonMr. and Mrs. T.W. CartBobbii CartwrightMr. John M. ColeHerman W. CooperMrs. Megan CooperReggie and Margot CooperDr. Nancy Owens CunninghamMr. Robert D. DeanMr. Charles C. Delmonico IIIDr. and Mrs. Zygmunt F. DembekConnie DeyDr. P. Noel DillyMr. Alvin M. DixonDr. Craig E. DormanMr. Hugh T. DuganDr. Manfred EhrhardtBarbara ElkinMr. and Mrs. Geoffrey K. ElliottKitten EllisonDr. Lee E. EngstromMr. and Mrs. Neil K. Evans19

Honor Roll of DonorsThe Associates Program ContinuedContributing Associates cont.Mr. and Mrs. Edwin FariesDr. Joanne E. FortuneVictor and Jackie GarciaRev. and Mrs. Donald J. GardnerDonna G. GayE.S. GlosterAnne HammondMr. and Mrs. James F.H. HannamMr. John K. HartsockNancy HooperMr. and Mrs. Stuart D. HorowitzMrs. Elizabeth W. HowlandMs. Anne H. IsbisterDr. William J. JahodaDiehl and Patty JenkinsStephen and Rosemary KendellDr. and Mrs. James A.C. KingMrs. Margaret KingDavid and Pat LangMrs. Dorothy A. LeseurMr. and Mrs. Edwin M. LibbinMr. Arthur LindoMr. and Mrs. David LonsdaleDr. Charlotte M. LordMr. and Mrs. Ray W. LyttleMrs. Hugh MastersKathleen McClearyRobert H. and Mary H. McMillanRobert and Dana MelloDr. and Mrs. John M. MillerNoah and Constance MinkinMrs. Rebecca S. MoodyDr. and Mrs. Peter R. MorrisonRichard MurcottMrs. Dorothy NicholsNicola O'LearyMs. Elsie O'TooleMr. and Mrs. Peter L. ParkerDr. and Mrs. Brian PeckettMr. Find C. PedersenMrs. Claire PerryAngelo and Joy PimentalMrs. Patricia PowellBaroness E. Raben-LevetzauDr. Raymond RappaportB. Candace RayVivian J. RedfordDr. Klaus RuetzlerAnnie RussellDr. and Mrs. Francis J. SchmitzMrs. Ann SelleyMs. Joan SenghasDr. Edward SholkovitzDr. Jacqueline G. SiegelKathryn SigginsMrs. Jerry SimonsMr. and Mrs. C.H. Smith, Jr.Premier, The HonorableJennifer M. Smith, J.P., D.Hum.L., M.P.Mr. and Mrs. P. Graham SmithMrs. Ann Smith Gordon, M.B.E., J.P.Thomas and Elinore SommerfeldDr. Wolfgang E. SterrerNancy Stevens and Tom HandsMr. Clement E.F. TalbotMr. and Mrs. Roy TalbotDr. and Mrs. Hank Trapido-RosenthalDr. Robert L. VadasMr. and Mrs. Ian WatsonHeidi WerneckeMr. and Mrs. Michael WilliamsElizabeth Allen Wilson, Ph.D.Lynne WinfieldJanice and Richard WitkowskiMr. Herman C. ZwartThe Corporate Investors Program 2001E.L. Mark SocietyThe ACE FoundationBank of Bermuda FoundationFidelity International FoundationGeneral Atlantic Group Ltd.Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P.Thomas Miller (Bermuda) Ltd.Transworld Oil LimitedWest End Capital Management (Bermuda)LimitedBeebe SocietyBermuda Container Line Ltd.Bermuda Electric Light CompanyChevron Research and TechnologyCompanyOil Management Services, Ltd.Overseas Partners Ltd.Iselin SocietyBF&M Insurance GroupEsso BermudaJardine Matheson International ServicesLimitedShell Company of Bermuda LimitedExecutive CouncilA.P. Moller (Bermuda) LimitedBank of N.T. Butterfield & Son Ltd.Bermuda Air Conditioning Ltd.The Bermuda Telephone Company, LimitedButterfield and VallisChubb Atlantic Indemnity Ltd.Conyers, Dill & PearmanEast End Asphalt Company LimitedExxon Services (Bermuda) Ltd.LaSalle Re LimitedMayfair LimitedNew England Biolabs, Inc.Orbis Investment Management LimitedSippican, Inc.Stevedoring Services Ltd.Stockton Reinsurance LimitedWindship (Bermuda) LimitedCorporate CouncilAAC Saatchi & SaatchiAon Group (Bermuda) Ltd.American International Company, LimitedArgus Group of CompaniesBAS-Serco Ltd.Bermuda Cement Company LimitedBermuda Waterworks LimitedBritish American Insurance Co. Ltd.CNA Risk Services Ltd.20

Honor Roll of DonorsThe Corporate Investors Program ContinuedChevron International LimitedContainer Ship Management Ltd.DesalCo Ltd.Gibbons Management Services LimitedGosling Brothers Ltd.Hartford Management, Ltd.International Advisory Services Ltd.Island Glass & Metal Company LimitedJohn Barritt & Son, Ltd.Kitson & Company Ltd.Little Venice GroupMerck, Sharp & Dohme (International) Ltd.Occidental (Bermuda) Ltd.PriceWaterhouseCoopersRoche International Ltd.Saffron Services LimitedSwizzle InnUnited Insurance Company LimitedVallis and Hayward Ltd.The Walker Arcade Company Ltd.W.J. Seymour Real Estate Ltd.Corporate SponsorsAnfossi Management LimitedArthur Andersen & Co./Scott Hunter& Co.Arthur Morris, Christensen & Co.Australia Japan Cable (Management)LimitedBCM McAlpine Ltd.Becher & Carlson Management Ltd.Bermuda Gas & Utility Company LimitedBermuda Paint Company LimitedBermuda Pest Control, Ltd.The Body Shop (Bermuda) LimitedC.F. Batson Swan Ltd.Fram Shipping Ltd.Frog and Onion PubGeneralCologne Re (Bermuda) Ltd.Godet & Young Ltd.The HarbourmasterKnick Knack Co. Ltd.Marsh Global BrokingWm. E. Meyer & Co. Ltd.Rayclan LimitedRidge Reinsurance LimitedRosedon HotelS.A.L. LimitedSan Giorgio RistoranteStrike Club Management LimitedStuart's LimitedTed Gauntlett, Chartered SurveyorUniversal Electric Ltd.Contributing InvestorsBermuda Anglers ClubBermuda Aviation Services, Ltd.Bermuda Forwarders Ltd.Burrows, Lightbourn Ltd.East End FloristThe English Sports Shop Ltd.Horizons LimitedThe Irish Linen ShopPaget Freight LimitedParker LimitedWindcrest Management LimitedZurich International (Bermuda) Ltd.Other Gifts for Operating Support 2001Matching GiftsWe are grateful to the following corporationsand private foundations that have providedmatching support for gifts made to BBSR bytheir employees or directors.The ACE FoundationBank of Bermuda FoundationBowne & Co., Inc.BP Amoco Foundation, Inc.J M FoundationMarsh Management Services (Bermuda)Ltd.Renaissance Reinsurance Ltd.Zurich International (Bermuda) Ltd.Operating Supportfrom Private FoundationsAnonymous (3)The Arthur and Annette Bolton CharitableFoundationThe Byrne FoundationThe Ederic Foundation, Inc.The William Ewing FoundationFranck Charitable TrustIvor FoundationJ M FoundationThe MacPherson Fund, Inc.Mostyn Foundation, Inc.The Stewart R. Mott Charitable TrustThe Christopher R. Naess Irrevocable TrustThe Erling D. Naess Fund for MarineResearchMichael and Susan Newburger FoundationThe Wendell and Margaret SmithFoundationLouis F. & Mary A. TagliatelaFoundation, Inc.Alberto Vollmer FoundationBBSR would like to thank all the companies and individuals who donated goods, services and timeto Marine Science Day 2001, including our top raffle donors American Airlines and Continental Airlines.Your generosity helped to make the event a great success.21

Honor Roll of DonorsRestricted Gifts and Grants 200122EndowmentDr. and Mrs. Edwin Boger, Sr.Mr. and Mrs. Raymond E. MooreMr. and Mrs. Christopher du P. RooseveltDrs. Joseph and Jean SangerThe Starr FoundationErnest E. Stempel FoundationEd & Bobbie TrippeCapital ProjectsDr. G. Hein BesselaarMr. and Mrs. Michael ButtMr. and Mrs. Robert E. CawthornBrian and Nancy O’HaraThe Starr FoundationXL Foundation Ltd.Research ProgramsCanadian Associates of BBSExxon Mobil CorporationGlaxoSmithKlineMr. and Mrs. Charles L. KlineMr. and Mrs. Raymond E. MooreCurtis and Edith Munson FoundationThe Pew Charitable TrustsG. Unger Vetlesen FoundationAquaculture ProgramAnonymous (3)Bank of Bermuda FoundationElbow Beach HotelMr. and Mrs. John W. GalbraithGlobal Oceans Research GroupMr. and Mrs. Brian R. HallThe Christian Humann FoundationMiles Market LimitedMutual Risk Management Ltd.Rustico RestaurantUnited Insurance Company LimitedRisk Prediction InitiativeACE Tempest Reinsurance LimitedAIG Ltd./IPC Re Ltd.American Re-Insurance CompanyRenaissance Reinsurance Ltd.State Farm Fire and Casualty CompanySwiss Reinsurance CompanyUnited Services Automobile AssociationXL Re Ltd.Education ProgramsAT&T FoundationMr. David BruceMr. Maxwell BruceMr. and Mrs. George ButterfieldMr. Neil J. CampbellDr. Kathryn CoatesMichael and Elaine DaviesMr. Keith DeanMr. Luther Allyn DeanLCDR Donald S. DelikatDr. L.A. Earlston DoeDr. Hildegard EnescoExxon Mobil CorporationMr. and Mrs. Allan GrayMr. Graham HallwardDr. William IamsMr. and Mrs. Gage LoveMr. Gordon McCaslinMs. Lucy RileyMr. and Mrs. Barrie D. RoseDrs. John and Priscilla RoslanskyUBS WarburgU.K. Associates of BBSRDr. Peter G. WellsRoger Perry Scholarship FundJoshua and Amy Perry BassechesEllen Perry Berkeley and Roy BerkeleyClay and Sue CookDr. and Mrs. John W. FarringtonLisa Perry Hellerstein and David HellersteinMr. and Mrs. Sidney KatzCindy LeeIsobel PerryMr. and Mrs. Roy PerryRobert and Lynne SchwartzMs. Naomi SternMr. and Mrs. Warren A. WeissNunnemacher Nature ReserveMrs. Doris Adams-NunnemacherMaria CharestMrs. Barbara N. McCallumThe Sunderman FundDr. and Mrs. Henry A. DiederichsDr. and Mrs. Donald T. FormanDr. and Mrs. Armand B. GlassmanDr. and Mrs. Frank T. HamiltonMs. Adrienne HopferDr. and Mrs. George D. LumbBob and Alice McCombDr. Irene E. RoeckelDr. and Mrs. Martin J. SalwenDr. and Mrs. Richard D. WassonGifts-in-KindAberfeldy Nurseries LimitedAnchor Marine & Maintenance Co. Ltd.Annuity & Life Reassurance, Ltd.BARCO Projection Systems, Inc.Bermuda Zoological SocietyJohn and Pauline CameronDr. Bruce B. ColletteMrs. Nola DeanEnvironmental Health DepartmentEsso BermudaHolly Holder and Julian MitchellMr. and Mrs. Brendan HollisIsland PressItalian National Wildlife InstituteFredric Lipschultz and Diana LynnMr. John D. MadeirosMeyer ShippingMr. and Mrs. Ian T. MurdochErling D. Naess Fund for Marine ResearchKeven and Danna NeelyNew England Biolabs, Inc.Nobeltec Nautical SoftwareThe Ocean ConservancyOI CorporationPin Point Training Ltd.STIDD Systems, Inc.StratageneSwitchworxTops Ltd.Don and Tina TrousdellRichard and Nina TuckerWilliams Trading Ltd.Dr. David B. WingateXL Capital Ltd.

Financial OverviewOPERATING REVENUESNote: U.S. Government includes the following funding agencies: The National Science Foundation (NSF),The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and The National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration (NASA).OPERATING EXPENSES23

Financial StatementsINDEPENDENT AUDITORS’ REPORTThe Board of Trustees and MembersThe Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Inc.We have audited the accompanying balance sheet of The Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Inc.(the "Station") as of December 31, 2001, and the related statements of activities and cash flows for theyear then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Station’s management. Ourresponsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. The prior yearsummarized comparative information has been derived from the Station’s 2000 financial statements and,in our report dated March 17, 2001, we expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.We conducted our audit in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States ofAmerica. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assuranceabout whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining,on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An auditalso includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, aswell as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides areasonable basis for our opinion.In our opinion, the 2001 financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, thefinancial position of The Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Inc. as of December 31, 2001, and thechanges in its net assets and its cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with accountingprinciples generally accepted in the United States of America.March 8, 2002New York, NYO’Connor Davies Munns & Dobbins, LLP24

BALANCE SHEETDECEMBER 31, 2001(with comparative information for 2000)ASSETS2001 2000Cash and cash equivalents $01,341,662 $00,528,318Grants and accounts receivable 0,417,310 0,417,624Contributions receivable, net (Note 9) 1,583,905 1,294,731Inventory and prepaid expenses 0,043,144 0,044,292Investments (Note 4) 3,993,323 3,984,970Property and equipment, net (Note 5) 4,793,071 5,105,854$12,172,415 $11,375,789LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETSLiabilitiesAccounts payable and accrued expenses $00,268,108 $00,515,314Grants and other advances ,137,761 ,234,522Annuities payable ,029,361 ,030,449Loan payable (Note 6) 1,603,174 1,746,125Total liabilities 2,038,404 2,526,410Net assetsUnrestrictedOperating (2,238,442) (2,621,049)Investment in property and equipment 4,793,071 5,105,854Total unrestricted 2,554,629 2,484,805Temporarily restricted (Note 10) 3,386,949 2,278,926Permanently restricted (Note 10) 4,192,433 4,085,648Total net assets 10,134,011 8,849,379$12,172,415 $11,375,789See accompanying notes to financial statements.25

STATEMENT OF ACTIVITIESYEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2001(with comparative totals for 2000)Revenues and other supportUnrestrictedProperty and Total Temporarily Permanently TotalOperating Equipment Unrestricted Restricted Restricted 2001 2000(Reclassified)Contributions $ ,789,778 $ ,789,778 $2,521,883 $ ,106,785 $3,418,446 $2,872,093Grants and contractsU.S. government and corporations 3,374,556 3,374,556 ,015,000 3,389,556 3,892,056Bermuda government ,791,605 ,791,605 ,791,605 ,632,056Tuition, guest services and other income 1,720,263 1,720,263 ,012,522 1,732,785 1,504,672Investment return (Note 8) ,0(8,132) ,0(8,132) ,0(7,223) ,0(15,355) ,100,386Net assets released from restrictions 1,434,159 1,434,159 (1,434,159)Total revenues and other support 8,102,229 8,102,229 1,108,023 ,106,785 9,317,037 9,001,263ExpensesProgram servicesScientific research 5,134,112 ,460,789 5,594,901 5,594,901 5,399,938Education 1,551,113 ,044,281 1,595,394 1,595,394 1,967,635Total program services 6,685,225 ,505,070 7,190,295 7,190,295 7,367,573Management and general ,077,522 ,205,290 ,282,812 ,282,812 ,308,196Development and public relations ,530,444 ,028,854 ,559,298 ,559,298 ,785,925Acquisitions, net of dispositions, ofproperty and equipment ,426,431 ,(426,431)Total expenses 7,719,622 ,312,783 8,032,405 8,032,405 8,461,694Increase (decrease) in net assets ,382,607 ,(312,783) ,069,824 1,108,023 ,106,785 1,284,632 ,539,569Net assets at beginning of year (2,621,049) 5,105,854 2,484,805 2,278,926 4,085,648 8,849,379 8,309,810Net assets at end of year $(2,238,442) $4,793,071 $2,554,629 $3,386,949 $4,192,433 $10,134,011 $8,849,379See accompanying notes to financial statements.26

STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWSYEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2001(with comparative information for 2000)2001 2000Cash flows from operating activitiesIncrease in net assets $01,284,632 $00,539,569Adjustments to reconcile increase in net assets to net cashprovided by operating activitiesNet depreciation in fair value of investments ,139,264 ,184,559Depreciation ,739,214 ,707,552Net gain on disposal of property and equipment ,0 (8,011 )Noncash transactions , (24,400) , (26,640)Contributions, grants and contracts classified asfinancing activities ,(339,486) ,(355,300)Change in discount of unconditional promises to give , (12,982) ,(30,985)Changes in operating assets and liabilities (Note 12) ,(619,784) ,(956,402)Net cash provided by operating activities 1,158,447 ,062,353Cash flows from investing activitiesProceeds from sales of investments ,618,625 1,309,249Purchases of investments ,(766,244) ,(945,849)Proceeds from sale of property and equipment ,010,000Expenditures for property and equipment ,(404,019) ,(191,952)Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities ,(541,638) ,171,448Cash flows from financing activitiesPermanently restricted contributions ,106,785 ,187,424Grants and contracts restricted for fixed asset acquisition ,232,701 ,147,877Grants and contracts restricted for repayment of loan payable ,020,000Repayment of loan payable ,(142,951) ,(100,401)Net cash provided by financing activities ,196,535 ,254,900Net increase in cash and cash equivalents ,813,344 ,488,701Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year ,528,318 ,039,617Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $01,341,662 $00,528,318See accompanying notes to financial statements.27

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTSDECEMBER 31, 2001(with comparative information for 2000)1. OrganizationThe Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Inc. (the "Station") was founded in 1903 and was incorporated in the State of New York in 1926 as a U.S. not-forprofitorganization. The Station is exempt from U.S. income taxes pursuant to Sections 501(c)(3) and 509(a) of the Internal Revenue Code.The Station’s mission is to conduct research and science education of the highest quality from the special perspective of a mid-ocean island. It provides wellequippedfacilities and responsive staff support for visiting scientists, faculty and students from around the world. The Station accomplishes its educationalmission by conducting undergraduate and graduate college and university courses, and elementary and secondary school programs. The Station is supported bygifts, grants and contracts received from the U.S. and Bermuda governments as well as various individual, corporate and foundation donors. Additionally, theStation charges fees for the use of its various scientific, marine and housing facilities. The Station operates exclusively in Bermuda where its assets, except for itsinvestments and certain cash balances, are held.2. Summary of Significant Accounting PoliciesBasis of AccountingThe accompanying financial statements have been prepared on the accrual basis.Use of EstimatesThe preparation of financial statements, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, requires management tomake estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingencies at the date of the financial statementsand revenues and expenses recognized during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.Financial Statement PresentationThe Station is required to report information regarding its financial position and activities according to three classes of net assets: unrestricted, temporarilyrestricted, and permanently restricted. Gifts and bequests that create endowment funds to provide a permanent source of income are classified as permanentlyrestricted net assets. Gifts of cash and other assets with stipulations that they be used for a specific purpose or for a specific time period are classified astemporarily restricted assets until such time as the purpose restriction is met or the stipulated time restriction ends. All other net assets are classified as unrestricted.Prior Year InformationThe financial statements include certain prior-year summarized comparative information in total but not by net asset class. Such information does not includesufficient detail to constitute a presentation in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Accordingly, such informationshould be read in conjunction with the Station’s financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2000, from which the summarized informationwas derived.ContributionsContributions, including unconditional promises to give, are recognized as revenue in the period received or pledged. Contributions of assets other than cash arerecorded at their estimated fair value and are recorded as increases in unrestricted net assets unless the donor places restrictions on their use. Contributions notexpected to be received within one year are discounted at a risk-free rate. Amortization of the discount is recorded annually as additional contribution revenue inaccordance with the donor-imposed restrictions, if any.Cash EquivalentsFor purposes of the statement of cash flows, the Station excludes cash held for long-term investment by the investment manager.InventoryThe Station’s inventory is reported at the lower of cost or market (first in, first out) and consists of gift shop merchandise, cafeteria, laboratory and scubasupplies held for resale.Charitable Gift AnnuitiesCharitable gift annuities are subject to the restrictions of gift instruments requiring the Station to pay stipulated amounts to designated beneficiaries. Suchpayments terminate at the time specified by the donor. Contribution revenues are recognized at the date of receipt after recording liabilities for the present valueof the estimated future payments to be made to the donors and/or other beneficiaries. The liabilities are adjusted for the changes in the value of the assets, accretionof the discount and other changes in the estimates of future benefits.Foreign CurrencyThe Station’s functional currency is U.S. dollars. There are no foreign currency transaction gains or losses from transaction in the Bermuda dollar because it isequivalent to the U.S. dollar.3. Concentrations of Credit RiskThe Station’s financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, investments and contributions receivable. TheStation places its cash with high credit quality financial institutions. The Station believes no significant concentrations of credit risk exists with respect to its cashand cash equivalents. Due to the diversification and quality of investments held, the Station believes that it has minimized risk concentration regarding itsinvestments. At December 31, 2001 the Station had outstanding contributions receivable from six donors totaling $1,095,000.28

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONTINUED4. InvestmentsThe Station’s investments principally consist of funds managed by the Investment Fund for Foundations’ ("TIFF") Investment Program ("TIP"). TIP is aprogram of commingled funds open to investment by certain not-for-profit organizations.The fair value of the Station’s investments at December 31, 2001 and 2000, as determined by the net asset value provided by TIFF and quoted market prices, isas follows:2001 2000TIFF Bond Fund $1,414,209 $1,276,890TIFF U.S. Equity Fund 2,479,314 2,582,374Donated Equity Securities, at market ,099,800 ,125,706$3,993,323 $3,984,970The Station participates in TIFF’s income reinvestment program. Accordingly, all interest, dividends and proceeds from sales of investments are reinvested.During the year ended December 31, 2000, pursuant to authorization from the Board of Trustees, interest-bearing advances have been made from the investmentaccount to the operating account originally in the amount of $700,000. At December 31, 2001, $600,000 of the advance was outstanding. Interest on theadvance totaled $35,000 for the year ended December 31, 2001.5. Property and EquipmentProperty and equipment is carried at cost and is composed of the following at December 31, 2001 and 2000:UsefulLives 2001 2000Land $ ,465,000 $ ,465,000Construction in progress ,049,611 ,049,611Buildings 20 years 5,839,408 5,839,408Furniture, fixtures and equipment 5-10 years 3,399,497 3,311,963R.V. Weatherbird II research vessel 20 years 2,491,020 2,342,860Other fixed assets 5-50 years ,219,800 ,219,80012,464,336 12,228,642Less accumulated depreciation (7,671,265) (7,122,788)$ 4,793,071 $ 5,105,854During the year ended December 31, 2000, the Station incurred architectural fees of $49,611 in connection with the planning phase of a new research facility forthe International Center for Ocean and Human Health program. During the period of construction, costs incurred are reported as construction in progress.When construction is complete, the capitalized construction costs will be recharacterized as buildings and improvements and depreciated over their estimateduseful lives.Depreciation of property and equipment is computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of each asset. Depreciation expense for the yearsended December 31, 2001 and 2000 was $739,214 and $707,552 respectively.6. Loans PayableAt December 31, 2001 and 2000, the Station had a secured loan in the amounts of $1,603,174 and $1,746,125, respectively. The loan is denominated in U.S.dollars, is secured by the Station’s real property, bears interest (4.10% and 8.76% at December 31, 2001 and 2000, respectively) at a rate of 2% above the threemonthLIBOR rate. The loan is to be repaid over a five-year period. The annual repayment amount is based on a 12-year amortization with a balloon paymentdue August 2003.Loan payable is presented as a reduction of unrestricted net assets – operations as the Station does not intend to dispose of property or equipment to meet loanmaturities.Projected debt service payments on the outstanding obligation are in the amounts of $140,000 and $1,463,174 for the years 2002 and 2003, respectively.Interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2001 and 2000 was $151,005 and $166,102, respectively.29

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONTINUED7. Sponsored ProjectsApproximately 45% and 50% of the Station’s operation revenues in 2001 and 2000, respectively, were awards for sponsored projects. The awards provide forrecovery of both direct and indirect costs. The indirect costs covered by the awards are generally determined as a negotiated or agreed-upon percentage of directcosts with certain exclusions. Indirect costs recovered from all sponsored projects during 2001 and 2000 were $992,274 and $1,133,614, respectively. Theserecoveries reduced management and general expenses as reported in the statement of activities.8. Investment Return and Spending PolicyThe Station’s Board of Trustees has authorized a policy permitting a spending rate of up to 5% of the average market value of its portfolio at the previous threefiscal year ends. This policy is designed to provide a predictable flow of funds to support operations. In 2001 and 2000 investment returns of $215,081 and$205,131, respectively, were spent for operations in accordance with this policy.The following summarizes the Station’s investment return and spending for the year ended December 31, 2001 and 2000:9. Contributions Receivable2001TemporarilyUnrestricted Restricted TotalInterest and dividends $ 53,815 $ 70,094 $ 123,909Net depreciation in fair valueof investments (61,947) (77,317) (139,264)Net loss on investments $ (8,132) $ (7,223) $ (15,355)Investment return spenton operations $ 91,188 $ 123,893 $ 215,0812000TemporarilyUnrestricted Restricted TotalInterest and dividends $ 89,728 $ 195,217 $ 284,945Net depreciation in fair valueof investments (53,933) (130,626) (184,559)Net return on investments $ 35,795 $ 64,591 $ 100,386Investment return spenton operations $ 105,114 $ 100,017 $ 205,131Contributions receivable at December 31, 2001 and 2000 are expected to be collected as follows:December 312001 2000Amount expected to be collected in:One year or less $ ,762,861 $ ,664,920Years two through five ,874,667 ,691,339Thereafter ,010,000 ,015,0001,647,528 1,371,259Less discount (5% in 2001 and8% in 2000) to present value , (63,623) , (76,528)$ 1,583,905 $ 1,294,73130

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONTINUED10. Restrictions on the Use of Net AssetsTemporarily Restricted Net AssetsTemporarily restricted net assets were available for the following purposes at December 31, 2001:Scientific research $ ,943,495Education ,101,893Capital improvements 1,884,038Future periods (general operations) ,457,523$3,386,949Net Assets Released from RestrictionsNet assets released from restriction consist of revenue from various purpose restricted net assets expended as follows:Scientific research $1,037,774Education ,150,145Capital improvements ,032,670Management and general ,016,332Development and public relations ,197,132$1,434,053Permanently Restricted Net AssetsPermanently restricted net assets at December 31, 2001 are restricted to investment in perpetuity, with investment return available to support the followingactivities:11. Pension FundScientific research $1,989,945Education 1,148,768General operations 1,053,720$4,192,433The Station maintains a contributory pension fund for full-time employees who are between the ages of 23 and 65. Each participating employee may contributeup to 10% of gross salary. The Station matches up to 5% of gross salary in accordance with the Bermudian Occupational Pensions Act 1998. Participation in thefund is mandatory for Bermudians and voluntary for Non-Bermudians. Pension expense for the years ended December 31, 2001 and 2000 was $43,026 and$9,968, respectively.12. Statement of Cash Flows2001 2000Net change in operating assets and liabilities(Increase) decrease inGrants and accounts receivable $ ,314 $ (14,966)Contributions receivable (276,192) (63,966)Inventory and prepaid expenses 1,148 (28,462)Increase (decrease) inAccounts payable and accrued expenses (247,205) (564,320)Grants and other advances (96,761) (283,510)Annuities payable (1,088) (1,178)Net change in operating assets and liabilities $ (619,784) $(956,402)Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:Cash paid during the year for interest $ 151,005 $ 166,102Noncash transactionsFixed assets donated $ 24,400 $ 26,64013. Reclassification of Prior Year InformationCertain reclassifications have been made to the 2000 financial statements in order to conform to the current year’s presentation.31

Research ProgramsAcquisition of an Automated DNASequencer for the BBSR MolecularBiology FacilityDr. H.G. Trapido-Rosenthal – BBSRFunding: Private donorsAir Quality ProgramDr. J.A.K. Simmons – BBSRFunding: The Bermuda GovernmentAnalyzing and Modeling InterannualVariability in the Carbon Cycle of theSubtropical and Subpolar GyresDr. N.R. Bates – BBSRDrs. N. Gruber, J. McWilliams – Universityof California, Los AngelesFunding: NSFAssessment of Reef Fish Populationsin Bermuda’s Marine Protected AreasDrs. S.R. Smith, S. Paterson, J. Pitt,A. Knap – BBSRFunding: The Pew Charitable Trusts,The Curtis and Edith MunsonFoundationAssessment of Temporal Variability inGlobal Inorganic Carbon DistributionsDr. N.R. Bates – BBSRDr. C.L. Sabine – Pacific MarineEnvironmental LaboratoryFunding: NSFBaseline Surface Radiation NetworkDr. J.A.K. Simmons – BBSRFunding: NOAAThe Bermuda Bio-Optics Project(BBOP): Activities in BermudaDr. N. Nelson – BBSRDr. D. Siegel – University of California,Santa BarbaraFunding: NASABiodiversity and Systematics ofMarine Annelid Worms of BermudaDr. K. Coates, P. Pocklington – BBSRFunding: Canadian Associates of theBermuda Biological Station,University of TorontoCARICOMP – Long-term Monitoring ofBermuda's Coral Reefs, Seagrass Bedsand Mangrove ForestsDr. S.R. Smith – BBSRFunding: The Bermuda Government,John D. and Catherine T. MacArthurFoundation,UNESCO,NOAACastle Harbour Coral Reef MonitoringProgramDr. S.R. Smith – BBSRFunding: The Bermuda GovernmentCO 2 and Climate: Determining NaturalVariabilityDrs. N.R. Bates, A.H. Knap, A. Amat –BBSRFunding: Exxon Mobil CorporationCollaborative Research:Biogeochemical Cycling of CO, OCSand HOOH on Diel to Seasonal TimeScales: Measuring and ModelingDistributions and FluxesDr. N. Nelson – BBSRDrs. O. Zafiriou, C. Taylor – Woods HoleOceanographic InstitutionDr. G. Cutter – Old Dominion UniversityDr. R. Najjar – Pennsylvania StateUniversityFunding: NSFCollaborative Research onBacterioplankton Biology andBiogeochemistry at the BermudaAtlantic Time-series Station:An Oceanic Microbial ObservatoryDr. C. Carlson – University of California,Santa BarbaraDr. S. Giovannoni – Oregon StateUniversityFunding: NSFComparative Dynamics of CDOM inOpen Ocean SystemsDr. N. Nelson – BBSRDr. C. Carlson – University of California,Santa BarbaraFunding: NSFDetermination of a Radiocarbon-ageCorrection for Holocene MarineSediments from the Mac. RobertsonShelf, East AntarcticaDr. P. Sedwick – BBSRFunding: Australian National AntarcticResearch ExpeditionsDevelopment Techniques for Cultureof Pectinid BivalvesDr. Samia Sarkis – BBSRFunding: Anonymous (3),Bank of Bermuda Foundation,Mr. and Mrs. John W. Galbraith,Global Oceans Research Group,Mr. and Mrs. Brian R. Hall,The Christian Humann Foundation,Mutual Risk Management Ltd.,United Insurance Company LimitedECOHAB: Benthic-Pelagic Coupling andLong Island Brown TideDr. M.W. Lomas – BBSRDrs. T. M. Kana, H.L. MacIntyre, J.C.Cornwell – University of MarylandFunding: NOAAThe Effective Use of Web-basedScientific Resources in Teaching andTeacher Training: A Collaborative PilotProgram Using Real Data Sets toExplore Oceanography and GlobalEnvironmental ChangeDrs. D. Malmquist, D.K. Steinberg –Virginia Institute of Marine ScienceK.O. Bishop, P. Tuddenham – The Collegeof ExplorationL. Martinez-Perez – Florida InternationalUniversityFunding: NSFElevated N* in the Western SargassoSea: Local or Non-local Origin?Dr. N.R. Bates – BBSRDr. D.A. Hansell – Rosenstiel School ofMarine and Atmospheric ScienceFunding: NSFA Genomics-based Inventory ofBermuda's Marine EnvironmentDr. H.G. Trapido-Rosenthal – BBSRFunding: Diversa CorporationGetting to Know Azorean MarineAnnelids: A First Integrated StepDrs. H.G. Trapido-Rosenthal, K.A. Coates –BBSRDr. Manuel Costa – University of theAzoresFunding: Luso-American Foundation32

Research Programs ContinuedInteractions BetweenBacterioplankton Communities andDissolved Substrates at the BermudaAtlantic Time-series Study StationDr. C. Carlson – University of California,Santa BarbaraDr. S. Giovannoni – Oregon StateUniversityFunding: NSFIron Distribution and Effects onPhytoplankton Growth in theSeasonal Sea Ice ZoneDr. P. Sedwick – BBSRFunding: Australian National AntarcticResearch ExpeditionsLand-based Sources of MarinePollution Program: Distribution andToxicity of Antifouling Paints inBermuda Inshore WatersDrs. R. Owen, A. Knap – BBSRFunding: The Bermuda GovernmentLand-based Sources of MarinePollution Program: Distribution ofPesticides in Groundwaters andDrinking WaterDrs. R. Owen, A. Knap – BBSRFunding: The Bermuda GovernmentMass Balance Assessments of CarbonPartitioning: A Contribution to theU.S. JGOFS Synthesis and ModelingProgramDr. N.R. Bates– BBSRDr. D.A. Hansell – Rosenstiel School ofMarine and Atmospheric ScienceFunding: NSFMonitoring Program for Artificial AshReefs and the Bulk Waste and AshBlock Disposal Site in Castle HarbourDr. S.R. Smith – BBSRFunding: The Bermuda GovernmentNitric Oxide in the Invertebrates:Comparative Physiology and DiverseFunctions. Support for a Symposiumat the 2000 Meeting of the Society forIntegrative and Comparative BiologyDr. H.G. Trapido-Rosenthal – BBSRDr. E.M. Leise – University of NorthCarolina at GreensboroFunding: NSFThe No-take Zones of the Florida KeysNational Marine Sanctuary: AnInterdisciplinary Comparative Study ofthe Dynamics of the Coral ReefBenthic Communities (SEAKEYS IV)Dr. S.R. Smith – BBSRDr. R.B. Aronson – Dauphin Island SeaLaboratoryDr. M.A. Miller – National Marine FisheriesServiceDr. J.C. Ogden – Florida Institute ofOceanographyFunding: NOAA – National MarineSanctuaryOceanographic Instrumentation,R/V Weatherbird IIDr. N.R. Bates, Capt. C.L. Black – BBSRFunding: NSFOceanographic Systems for Chemical,Optical and Physical ExperimentsDr. N. Bates – BBSRDr. T.D. Dickey – University of California,Santa BarbaraDr. R.H. Byrne – University of South FloridaDr. F.P. Chavez – Monterey Bay AquariumResearch InstituteDr. R.A. Feely – Pacific MarineEnvironmental LaboratoryDr. R. Wanninkhof – AtlanticOceanographic and MeteorologicalLaboratoryC. Moore – Wetlabs IncorporatedFunding: Office of Naval ResearchOceanographic Technical ServicesDr. N.R. Bates, Capt. C.L. Black – BBSRFunding: NSFOperation of the Bermuda TudorTower ObservatoryDrs. A. Knap, R. Owen – BBSRDr. T. Church – University of DelawareDr. M. Conte – Woods HoleOceanographic InstitutionDr. R. Mason – University of VirginiaFunding: BBSR,NOAA,G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation,University of Delaware,Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,University of VirginiaThe Panulirus Hydrographic StationsYear 49Dr. A. Knap, R. Johnson – BBSRFunding: NSFPatterns of Distribution of JuvenileFishes in Bermuda's Reef ZonesDrs. S.R. Smith, J. Pitt – BBSRFunding: The Bermuda GovernmentRemote Sensing Assessment ofBiochemical Processes in the SargassoSeaDr. N. Nelson – BBSRFunding: NASAResearch Experience forUndergraduates: Open Ocean andSub-tropical Marine ResearchExperiences for Undergraduates atBBSRDrs. H.G. Trapido-Rosenthal, M. Lomas,K.A. Coates, R. Owen – BBSRFunding: NSFThe Risk Prediction InitiativeDrs. A. Knap, R. Murnane – BBSRFunding: ACE Tempest ReinsuranceLimited,American International Group, Inc./IPC Re Limited,American Re-Insurance Company,Renaissance Reinsurance Ltd.,State Farm Fire and Casualty Company,Swiss Reinsurance Company,United Services Automobile Association,XL Re Ltd.Ship Operations, R/V Weatherbird IIDr. N.R. Bates, Capt. C.L. Black – BBSRFunding: NSFShipboard Scientific SupportEquipment, R/V Weatherbird IIDr. N.R. Bates, Capt. C.L. Black – BBSRFunding: NSFTransport, Modifications and Fluxes ofCarbon and Nitrogen in the WesternArctic Ocean: A Contribution to theSBI Project, Phase IIDr. N.R. Bates – BBSRDr. D.A. Hansell – Rosenstiel School ofMarine and Atmospheric ScienceFunding: NSFThe U.S. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study(JGOFS) Bermuda Atlantic Time-seriesStudy (BATS)Drs. A.H. Knap, N.R. Bates, M. Lomas –BBSRDr. C.A. Carlson – University of California,Santa BarbaraDr. D.K. Steinberg – Virginia Institute ofMarine ScienceFunding: NSF33

Graduate Research ProgramsAcquisition of Nitrate by ScleractinianCorals and its Contribution to ColonyNutritionBrian Badgley, M.S. awarded 2001 –University of MarylandDr. F. Lipschultz, Dr. K. Sebens (Universityof Maryland), Faculty AdvisorsFunding: University of Maryland GraduateFellowshipEcology and Systematics ofPolychaetes Found in Association WithSeagrass Beds in BermudaPatricia Pocklington, M.S. awarded 2001 –University of TorontoDr. K. Coates, Faculty AdvisorFunding: Canadian Associates of theBermuda Biological Station,University of TorontoThe Effects of Symbiotic Conditionand Nutritional History on PreyCapture and Use by Anemones andCoralsGreg Piniak, Ph.D. awarded 2001 – DukeUniversityDr. F. Lipschultz, Faculty AdvisorFunding: Duke University GraduateFellowshipIron Limitation of Bacterioplankton inthe Sargasso Sea and Southern OceanJacques L. Oliver, Ph.D. candidate –Virginia Institute of Marine ScienceDr. C. Carlson, Faculty AdvisorFunding: NSFIron Metabolism of TrichodesmiumSpp. in the Sargasso SeaKatherine Achilles, Ph.D. candidate –University of DelawareDr. F. Lipschultz, Dr. T. Church (Universityof Delaware), Faculty AdvisorsFunding: NSF award to T. ChurchMolecular Genetic Analysis of ThreeGeographically Distinct Populations ofthe Bermuda SkinkLisa Kitson, Ph.D. candidate – UniversityCollege CorkDr. H.G. Trapido-Rosenthal, Faculty AdvisorFunding: Bermuda Biodiversity Project ofthe Bermuda Zoological SocietyMolecular Physiology ofZooxanthellae from DifferentCnidarian Hosts and Environments inBermudaAnne Savage, Ph.D. awarded 2001 –University of YorkDr. H.G. Trapido-Rosenthal, Faculty AdvisorFunding: National Environment ResearchCouncil Graduate FellowshipThe Nitrogen Balance of TwoRepresentative Corals (Hexa- andOctocorallia) of Bermuda – anExperimental AnalysisSilvia Martin, M.S. awarded 2001 –University of HamburgDr. F. Lipschultz, Dr. O. Giere (University ofHamburg), Faculty AdvisorsPatterns of Reproduction in Bermuda’sHard and Soft CoralsSamantha de Putron, Ph.D. candidate –University of SwanseaDr. S.R. Smith, Faculty AdvisorFunding: Guernsey Council,Roger T. Stone FellowshipThe Role of Zooplankton in the Exportof Particulate Organic Matter in theSargasso SeaAstrid Schnetzer, Ph.D. awarded 2001 –University of ViennaDr. D.K. Steinberg, Faculty AdvisorFunding: Bermuda Atlantic Time-seriesStudyStructuring Forces on Bermuda’s CoralReef CommunitiesThaddeus Murdoch, Ph.D. candidate –University of South Alabama, DauphinIsland Sea LabDr. S.R. Smith, Faculty AdvisorFunding: Dauphin Island Sea LabFellowship,The Bermuda GovernmentLeft: Graduate intern Astrid Schnetzer, of the University of Vienna, leads a plankton tow on BBSR’s R/V Stommel.Right: Graduate intern Samantha de Putron, a doctoral student at the University of Swansea, conducts research on corals.34

PublicationsThe following journal articles were published in 2001 unless otherwise noted.Numerous reports and conference abstracts were also produced in 2001.Bates, N.R.Interannual variability of oceanic CO 2 andbiogeochemical properties in the westernnorth Atlantic subtropical gyre.Deep-Sea Research II, Vol. 48, Nos. 8-9,pp. 1507-1528.Bates, N.R. and L. MerlivatThe influence of short-term wind variabilityon air-sea CO 2 exchange.Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 28,No. 17, pp. 3281-3284.Bates, N.R., L. Samuels and L. MerlivatBiogeochemical and physical factorsinfluencing sea water fCO 2 and air-sea CO 2exchange on the Bermuda coral reef.Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 46,No. 4, pp. 833-846.Boyd, P.W., A.C. Crossley, G.R. DiTullio,F.B. Griffiths, D.A. Hutchins, B.Queguiner, P.N. Sedwick and T.W. TrullControl of phytoplankton growth by ironsupply and irradiance in the subantarcticSouthern Ocean: Experimental results fromthe SAZ project.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 106,No. C12, pp. 31,573-31,583.Carlson, C.A., N.R. Bates, D.A. Hanselland D.K. SteinbergCarbon cycle.In: Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, Steele,J., Thorpe, S. and K. Turekian (Eds.),Academic Press, Vol. 1, pp. 390-400.Coates, K.A, D.A. Sorocco, N. Maturen,J. Bilewitch and A. ThompsonMysterious "crystals": found attached to theepidermal peritoneum of marine tubificid(Annelida, Clitellata) species.Hydrobiologia, Vol. 463, No. 1, pp. 115-122.Connelly, D.P., J.W. Readman, A.H.Knap and J. DaviesContamination of the coastal waters ofBermuda by organotins and the triazineherbicide Irgarol 1051.Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 42, No. 5,pp. 409-414.Conte, M.H., N. Ralph and E.H. RossSeasonal and interannual variability in deepocean particle fluxes at the Oceanic FluxProgram (OFP)/Bermuda Atlantic Time-series(BATS) site in the western Sargasso Sea nearBermuda.Deep-Sea Research II, Vol. 48, Nos. 8-9,pp. 1471-1505.Cook, C.B. and S.K. DavyAre free amino acids responsible for the‘host factor’ effects on symbioticzooxanthellae in extracts of host tissue?Hydrobiologia, Vol. 461, No. 1, pp. 71-78.Daly, K.L., W.O. Smith, Jr., G.C.Johnson, G.R. DiTullio, D.R. Jones,C.W. Mordy, R.A. Feely, D.A. Hanselland J-Z ZhangHydrography, nutrients and carbon pools inthe Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean:Implications for carbon flux.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 106,No. C4, pp. 7107-7124.Dickey, T., S. Zedler, X. Yu, S.C. Doney,D. Frye, H. Jannasch, D. Manov, D.Sigurdson, J.D. McNeil, L. Dobeck,T. Gilboy, C. Bravo, D.A. Siegel andN. NelsonPhysical and biogeochemical variability fromhours to years at the Bermuda TestbedMooring Site: June 1994 - March 1998.Deep-Sea Research II, Vol. 48, Nos. 8-9,pp. 2105-2140.DiTullio, G.R., P.N. Sedwick, D.R. Jones,P. Boyd, A.C. Crossley and D.A.HutchinsEffects of iron, silicate and light ondimethylsulfoniopropionate production inthe Australian Subantarctic Zone.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 106,No. C12, pp. 31,585-31,595.Ducklow, H.W., C.A. Carlson, M.Church, D.L. Kirchman, D. Smith andG. StewardThe seasonal development ofbacterioplankton in the Ross Sea, Antarctica,1994-97.Deep Sea Research II, Vol. 48, Nos. 19-20,pp. 4199-4221.Ducklow, H.W., D.K. Steinberg andK.O. BuesselerUpper ocean carbon export and thebiological pump.Oceanography, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 50-58.Edwards, R. and P. SedwickIron in East Antarctic snow: Implications foratmospheric iron deposition and algalproduction in Antarctic waters.Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 28,No. 20, pp. 3907-3910.Fasham, M.J.R., B.M. Balino, M.C.Bowles (Eds.); R. Anderson, D. Archer,U. Bathmann, P. Boyd, K. Buesseler, P.Burkill, A. Bychkov, C. Carlson, C.T.A.Chen, S. Doney, H. Ducklow, S.Emerson, R. Feely, G. Feldman, V.Garcon, D. Hansell, R. Hanson, P.Harrison, S. Honjo, C. Jeandel, D. Karl,R. Le Borgne, K.-K. Liu, K. Lochte, F.Louanchi, R. Lowry, A. Michaels, P.Monfray, J. Murray, A. Oschlies, T.Platt, J. Priddle, R. Quinones, D. Ruiz-Pino, T. Saino, E. Sakshaug, G.Shimmield, S. Smith, W. Smith, T.Takahashi, P. Treguer, D. Wallace, R.Wanninkhof, A. Watson, J. Willebrandand C.S. WongA new vision of ocean biogeochemistry aftera decade of the Joint Global Ocean FluxStudy (JGOFS).AMBIO, Special Report No. 10, pp. 4-31.Fitt, W.K. and C.B. CookThe effect of feeding or addition of dissolvedinorganic nutrients in maintaining thesymbiosis between dinoflagellates and atropical marine cnidarian.Marine Biology, Vol.139, No. 3, pp. 507-517.Gundersen, K., K.M. Orcutt, D.A.Purdie, A.F. Michaels and A.H. KnapParticulate organic carbon mass distributionat the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study(BATS) site.Deep-Sea Research II, Vol. 48, Nos. 8-9,pp. 1697-1718.Hansell, D.A. and C.A. CarlsonBiogeochemistry of total organic carbon andnitrogen in the Sargasso Sea: Control byconvective overturn.Deep Sea Research II, Vol. 48, Nos. 8-9, pp.1649-1667.Hansell, D.A. and C.A. CarlsonMarine dissolved organic matter and thecarbon cycle.Oceanography, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 41-49.Hood, R.R., N.R. Bates, D.G. Caponeand D.B. OlsonModeling the effect of nitrogen fixation oncarbon and nitrogen fluxes at BATS.Deep-Sea Research II, Vol. 48, Nos. 8-9,pp. 1609-1648.Hooge, M.D.Evolution of body-wall musculature in thePlatyhelminthes (Acoelomorpha, Catenulida,Rhabditophora).Journal of Morphology, Vol. 249, No. 3,pp. 171-194.35

Publications ContinuedHooge, M. and D. Seth TylerInterstitial acoels (Platyhelminthes: Acoela)from Bermuda.Proceedings of the Biological Society ofWashington, Vol. 114, No. 2, pp. 414-426.Hutchins, D.A., P.N. Sedwick, G.R.DiTullio, P.W. Boyd, B. Quéguiner, F.B.Griffiths and C. CrossleyControl of phytoplankton growth by ironand silicic acid availability in the subantarcticSouthern Ocean: Experimental results fromthe SAZ Project.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 106,No. C12, pp. 31,559-31,572.Karl, D.M., J.E. Dore, R. Lukas, A.F.Michaels, N.R. Bates and A.H. KnapBuilding the long-term picture: The U.S.JGOFS Time-series programs.Oceanography, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 6-17.Kirchman, D.L., B. Meon, H.W.Ducklow, C.A. Carlson, D.A. Hanselland G.F. StewardGlucose fluxes and concentrations ofdissolved combined sugars (polysaccharides)in the Ross Sea and Polar Front Zone,Antarctica.Deep Sea Research II, Vol. 48, Nos. 19-20,pp. 4179-4197.Knap, A.H., D.P. Connelly and J.N.Butler2000The Sargasso Sea and Bermuda.In: Seas at the Millennium: An EnvironmentalEvaluation, Sheppard, C. (Ed.), ElsevierScience Ltd., Chapter 14, pp. 221-231.Lipschultz, F.A time-series assessment of the nitrogencycle at BATS.Deep-Sea Research II, Vol. 48, Nos. 8-9,pp. 1897-1924.Lomas, M.W., P.M. Glibert, D.A.Clougherty, D.R. Huber, J. Jones,J. Alexander and E. HaramotoElevated organic nutrient ratios associatedwith brown tide blooms of Aureococcusanophagefferens (Pelagophyceae).Journal of Plankton Research, Vol. 23,No. 12, pp. 1339-1344.Madin, L.P., E.F. Horgan and D.K.SteinbergZooplankton at the Bermuda AtlanticTime-Series Study (BATS) station: Diel,seasonal and interannual variation inbiomass, 1994-1998.Deep-Sea Research II, Vol. 48, Nos. 8-9,pp. 2063-2082.McClintock, J.B., B.J. Baker and D.K.SteinbergThe chemical ecology of invertebratemeroplankton and holoplankton.In: Marine Chemical Ecology, McClintock,J.B. and W. Baker (Eds.), CRC Press,pp. 195-225.Nelson, N.B., N.R. Bates, D.A. Siegeland A.F. MichaelsSpatial variability of the CO 2 sink in theSargasso Sea.Deep-Sea Research II, Vol. 48, Nos. 8-9,pp. 1801-1821.Omodeo, P. and K.A. CoatesNew alluroidids (Annelida, Clitellata) fromGuyana.Hydrobiologia, Vol. 463, No. 1, pp. 39-47.Ono, S., A. Ennyu, R.G. Najjar andN.R. BatesShallow remineralization in the Sargasso Seaestimated from seasonal variations inoxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon andnitrate.Deep-Sea Research II, Vol. 48, Nos. 8-9,pp. 1567-1582.Orcutt, K.M., F. Lipschultz, K.Gundersen, R. Arimoto, A.F. Michaels,A.H. Knap and J.R. GallonA seasonal study of the significance of theN 2 fixation by Trichodesmium spp. at theBermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS)site.Deep-Sea Research II, Vol. 48, Nos. 8-9,pp. 1583-1608.Ryland, J.S., S. de Putron, R.S.Scheltema, P.J. Chimonides and D.G.Zhadan2000Semper’s (Zoanthid) larvae: Pelagic life,parentage and other problems.Hydrobiologia, Vol. 440, Nos. 1-3,pp. 191-198.Sedwick, P.N., P.T. Harris, L.G.Robertson, G.M. McMurtry, M.D.Cremer and P. RobinsonHolocene sediment records from thecontinental shelf of Mac. Robertson Land,East Antarctica.Paleoceanography, Vol. 16, No. 2,pp. 212-225.Siddall, M.E., K. Apakupakul, E.M.Burreson, K.A. Coates, C. Erséus, S.R.Gelder, M. Källersjö and H. Trapido-RosenthalValidating Livanow’s hypothesis: Moleculardata agree that leeches, branchiobdellidansand Acanthobdella peledina are amonophyletic group of Oligochaetes.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 346-351.Siegel, D.A, D.M. Karl and A.F.MichaelsInterpretations of biogeochemical processesfrom the US JGOFS Bermuda and Hawaiitime-series sites.Deep-Sea Research II, Vol. 48, Nos. 8-9,pp. 1403-1404.Siegel, D.A., T.K. Westberry, M.C.O’Brien, N.B. Nelson, A.F. Michaels, J.R.Morrison, A. Scott, E.A. Caporelli, J.C.Sorensen, S. Maritorena, S.A. Garver,E.A. Brody, J. Ubante and M.A.HammerBio-optical modeling of primary productionon regional scales: The Bermuda BioOpticsProject.Deep-Sea Research II, Vol. 48, Nos. 8-9,pp. 1865-1896.Steinberg, D.K., C.A. Carlson, N.R.Bates, R.J. Johnson, A.F. Michaels andA.H. KnapOverview of the US JGOFS Bermuda AtlanticTime-series Study (BATS): A decade-scalelook at ocean biology and biochemistry.Deep-Sea Research II, Vol. 48, Nos. 8-9,pp. 1405-1447.Trapido-Rosenthal, H.G.Contributions of marine chemical ecology tochemosensory neurobiology.In: Marine Chemical Ecology, McClintock,J.B. and W. Baker (Eds.), CRC Press,pp. 463-479.Trapido-Rosenthal, H.G., K.H. Sharp,T.S. Galloway and C.E. MorrallNitric oxide and cnidarian-dinoflagellatesymbioses: Pieces of a puzzle.American Zoologist, Vol. 41, No. 2,pp. 247-257.Trull, T.W., P.N. Sedwick, F.B. Griffithsand S.R. RintoulIntroduction to special section: SAZ Project.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 106,No. C12, pp. 31,425-31,429.Waycott, M. and P.A.G. BarnesAFLP diversity within and betweenpopulations of the Caribbean seagrassThalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitaceae).Marine Biology, Vol. 139, No. 6,pp. 1021-1028.Wells, P., M.H. Depledge, J.N. Butler,J.J. Manock and A.H. KnapRapid toxicity assessment and biomonitoringof marine contaminants – exploiting thepotential of rapid biomarker assays andmicroscale toxicity tests.Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 42, No. 10,pp. 799-804.36

Summer CoursesBiology of FishesDr. Bruce Collette, National Museum ofNatural History, Smithsonian InstitutionCoral Reef EcologyDr. Zvy Dubinsky, Bar-Ilan UniversityDr. Joanna Pitt, BBSRHuman Health and the OceanDr. Eric Dewailly (M.D.), Laval Universityand WHO/PAHO Collaborating Centeron Environmental and OccupationalHealth, QuébecDr. Clare Morrall, University of GrenadaDr. Daniel Baden, University of NorthCarolina - WilmingtonDr. Lora Fleming (M.D.), University ofMiami School of MedicineDr. Tom Clarkson, Rochester UniversityMarine EcotoxicologyDr. John Manock, University of NorthCarolina – WilmingtonDr. Peter Wells, Environment CanadaDr. Richard Owen, BBSRDr. Michael Depledge, University ofPlymouthMolecular Ecology and Physiology ofMarine SymbiosisDr. Hank Trapido-Rosenthal, BBSRDr. Zoë Billinghurst, University of PlymouthDr. Anne Savage, University of YorkPathology of Coastal OrganismsDr. Garriet Smith, University of SouthCarolina – AikenDr. Ernesto Weil, University of Puerto RicoTropical Marine InvertebratesDr. Kathryn Coates, BBSRFall Semester Program CoursesCoral Reef EcologyDr. Fredric Lipschultz, BBSRMarine Biology and OceanographicResearchDr. Fredric Lipschultz, BBSRDr. Ken Sebens, University of MarylandMarine Invertebrate ZoologyDr. Kathryn Coates, BBSREducation ProgramsDuke University Beaufortto Bermuda Program CoursesBiological OceanographyDr. Mike Lomas, BBSRDr. Astrid Schnetzer, BBSRCurrent Topics in Oceanography andMarine BiologyDr. Fredric Lipschultz, BBSRMarine BiodiversityDr. Kathryn Coates, BBSRMarine EcologyDr. Fredric Lipschultz, BBSRDr. Robbie Smith, BBSRMarine Invertebrate ZoologyDr. Kathryn Coates, BBSRMs. Jan Locke, University of TorontoMolecular Approaches to Questions ofPhysiology, Ecology and Evolution inthe Marine EnvironmentDr. Hank Trapido-Rosenthal, BBSRA Scientist’s Perspectives onEnvironmental Principles, Policy andLegislationDr. Nicholas Bates, BBSRNSF-Funded ResearchExperience for UndergraduatesJessica Archer, Evergreen State CollegeFaculty Advisor: Dr. Hank Trapido-RosenthalAlex Gagnon, University of California,BerkeleyFaculty Advisor: Dr. Nicholas BatesStephanie Jaeger, Southampton CollegeFaculty Advisor: Dr. Michael LomasRachelle Jensen, University of California,San DiegoFaculty Advisors: Dr. Robbie Smith,Dr. Hank Trapido-RosenthalCory Lindsay, Wayne State CollegeFaculty Advisors: Dr. Kathryn Coates,Dr. Hank Trapido-RosenthalNatalie Ostrander, Dartmouth CollegeFaculty Advisor: Dr. Richard OwenIara Perez-Bonet, University of Puerto RicoFaculty Advisors: Dr. Richard Owen,Dr. Samia SarkisEckerd/Galbraith ScholarTheresa ByrnesBermuda Programme InternsAlison CopelandFaculty Advisor: Dr. Robbie SmithNicola FrancisFaculty Advisor: Dr. Hank Trapido-RosenthalLisa RodriguesFaculty Advisor: Dr. Kathryn CoatesElderhostel CoursesAtlantic Coral ReefsExploring the Sea: New FrontiersHistory and HeritageIsland EcologyReefs, Reserve and RooftopsSnorkeling the Coral Island(intergenerational)Walking the Railway TrailVolunteers 2001Alex AdamGordon AnglinRenee BlackSarah ChapmanKatie CoatesAlnisha DanielsDellesha FoxAlan FrithPeter GebhardRobert GottsegenTom HandsKevin HollisThomas HollisAlexis MorenoDanna NeelyHilary RenaudRoberta RickardCharles RickettsJudith RuijterWilber Menendez SanchezChrista SchweizerKent SimmonsAnne SpurlingThomas WadsworthColin WilliamsElijah Yelle-SimmonsMakeda Yelle-SimmonsMalachi Yelle-SimmonsCharlene Young37

Education Programs ContinuedVolunteer InternsNicolas BrucherDavid BryanMaura BusbyLucy BuxtonKelly Carbery, Jr.Lucinda CornesAdam DewanJean Marie JenningsCaroline JohnsonDaniela MalandruccoloFarah ManjiTammy PersunLucy PowerKirsten RobinsonKrista SpencerEvelyn SutherlandThomas WadsworthArthur WatsonLenore WhiteVisiting Academic GroupsAcadia University (21)Amity Regional High School (24,19)Auburn High School (22)Bancroft School (12)Briarwood College (12)Central Connecticut State University (20)East Lyme High School (12)Field Guides Incorporated (10)Fitch Senior High School (16)Girls’ Preparatory School (24)Graland Country Day School (30)Hamden High School (25)Hanover School/North Warren School (23)Queens University (12)Rider College (17)Severn School (18)Tolland High School (4)Tolland Middle School (15)Union College (14)University of Wisconsin (9)Vernon Center/Rockville High (36)Washington College (15)Whitney Institute Middle School (25)JASON ProjectJASON Project XII: Hawaii – A LivingLaboratorySeminars and Public LecturesSeminarsMay 23Public LecturesJanuary 22"Wavelet Transform and its Application inClimate Signal Detection: How to MakeTime Series Sing"Dr. Hengyi WengClimate and Radiation BranchNASA/Goddard Space Flight CenterApril 11"Tapping into Nature's Biodiversity forNovel Biomolecules"Eric MathurDiversa CorporationApril 24"Long-term Variability of PhytoplanktonCommunity Structure at the BermudaAtlantic Time-series Study (BATS) SiteBased on Pigment Analyses Using the‘CHEMTAX’ Matrix Factorisation Program"Vivienne LochheadBBSR"Microbial Iron Limitation Experiments inthe Western North Atlantic"Jacques OliverBBSRJune 7"How Braincorals Record Climate:An Integration of Skeletal Structure,Growth and Chemistry"Anne L. CohenWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionAugust 23"Exploring Genomic Potential andMicrobial Diversity of UnculturedMicroorganisms"Dr. John HeidelbergThe Institute for Genomic Research(TIGR)Thursday, April 26"Global Pollution and Bermuda’sEnvironment: How Pollutants from Aroundthe World Affect Our Air and Water"Dr. Thomas ChurchCollege of Marine StudiesUniversity of DelawareBBSR TrusteeThursday, May 31"Local Pollution and Our Environment:A Perspective for the New Century"Dr. Kent SimmonsBBSR Associate Research ScientistThursday, October 11and Wednesday, October 24"Coral Reefs: What’s Going On?"Dr. Robbie SmithBBSR Assistant Research Scientistand Dr. Shane PatersonBBSR Postdoctoral Fellow38

Board of TrusteesUnited StatesMichael G. AtiehDendrite InternationalMorristown, NJJeremiah M. BogertJames C. Edwards & Co.New York, NYRosamond H. ButlerQueensbury, NYThomas M. Church, Ph.D.University of DelawareClayton P. CormierWarren, VTMargaret B. Dardess, Ph.D.Glaxo Wellcome Inc.Research Triangle Park, NCJohn W. Farrington, Ph.D.Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods Hole, MADiana H. FrazierFLAG Venture Management, LLCStamford, CTJames N. Galloway, Ph.D.University of VirginiaCharlottesville, VACharles L. KlineThe Homesite Group, Inc.Boston, MAJohn A. Knauss, Ph.D.University of Rhode IslandNarragansett, RICindy Lee, Ph.D.State University of New YorkStony Brook, NYNancy O. LowLow + Associates, Inc.Chevy Chase, MDAlan McGowanThe Gene Media ForumNew York, NYFranklin W. NutterReinsurance Association of AmericaWashington, DCMargot B. PerotDallas, TXJohn E. RiegelMontchanin, DEChristopher du P. RooseveltRoosevelt, Benowich & Lewis, LLPWhite Plains, NYSybil P. Seitzinger, Ph.D.Institute of Marine & Coastal Sciences,Rutgers UniversityFrank B. Sprow, Ph.D.Exxon Mobil CorporationIrving, TXEdward S. TrippeMcFarland Dewey & Co.New York, NYWarren M. Washington, Ph.D.National Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulder, COBermudaS. Andrew BanksParadigm Consulting, Ltd.G. Hein Besselaar, M.D., Ph.D.PagetJames Burnett-Herkes, Ph.D.PagetMichael A. ButtXL Re Ltd.Richard D. ButterfieldPembrokeMark J. ByrneWest End Capital Management Ltd.Robert E. CawthornWarwickBrian DuperreaultACE LimitedAudette ExelISIS LimitedIdwal Wyn Hughes, Ph.D.HamiltonHugh P. LowensteinSt. George’sFiona LuckXL CapitalRaymond E. MoorePembrokeMichael R. NaessNaess Investments Ltd.Brian M. O’HaraXL Capital LimitedHenry B. SmithBank of Bermuda LimitedThe Hon. Jennifer M. Smith, J.P., M.P.Premier, Bermuda GovernmentWendell M. SmithPolestar Ltd.Richard D. SpurlingAppleby, Spurling and KempeIan StreckerWarwickSir John SwanThe Swan GroupGeorge A. WardmanHorizons Ltd.David B. Wingate, Ph.D.St. David’sEx OfficioAmanda SodergrenPartner Reinsurance Company Ltd., BermudaLife TrusteesOfficersUnited StatesNeil R. Andersen, Ph.D.Foster BamJames N. Butler, Ph.D.Warner W. GardnerStephen Jay Gould, Ph.D.E. Morton HollandFrederick J. KollmorgenH. Eugene Lehman, Ph.D.Frederick T. Mackenzie, Ph.D.Edward F. MacNichol, Jr., Ph.D.Anne T. RikerJohn H. Steele, Ph.D.F. William Sunderman, Ph.D.Talbot H. Waterman, Ph.D.John H. Welsh, Ph.D.W. Redwood Wright, Ph.D.BermudaJohn R.H. LightbournSenator Terry E. ListerBrunell SpurlingErnest E. StempelCanadaL.A. Earlston Doe, Ph.D.Michael L. DaviesEuropeMaxwell Bruce, Q.C.(deceased October 25, 2001)F. Geoffrey LarminieKarsten H. Palmork, Ph.D.Robert T. SperringPresident:Christopher du P. RooseveltHonorary Chancellor:His Excellency the GovernorJ. Thorold Masefield, C.M.G.Vice Presidents:Idwal Wyn Hughes, Ph.D.Michael R. NaessIan StreckerEdward S. Trippe(through April 2001)Treasurer:Richard D. ButterfieldSecretary:Rosamond H. ButlerDirector:Anthony H. Knap, Ph.D.39

ScientistsSenior ScientistsAnthony H. Knap, Ph.D.Fredric Lipschultz, Ph.D.Associate ResearchScientistsNicholas Bates, Ph.D.Kathryn Coates, Ph.D.Richard Murnane, Ph.D.Peter Sedwick, Ph.D.J.A. Kent Simmons, Ph.D.Hank Trapido-Rosenthal,Ph.D.Hengyi Weng, Ph.D.Assistant ResearchScientistsMichael Lomas, Ph.D.Richard Owen, Ph.D.BBSR Staff 2001Samia Sarkis, Ph.D.S. Robertson Smith, Ph.D.Postdoctoral FellowsAlexandra Amat, Ph.D.Shane Paterson, Ph.D.Joanna Pitt, Ph.D.Adjunct FacultyPenelope A. Barnes, Ph.D.Smithsonian TropicalResearch InstituteCraig Carlson, Ph.D.University of California,Santa BarbaraMichael Depledge, Ph.D.Plymouth UniversityEric Dewailly, Ph.D.Laval UniversityRichard Dodge, Ph.D.NOVA UniversityGiselher Gust, Ph.D.Hamburg UniversityDavid Karl, Ph.D.University of HawaiiDavid Malmquist, Ph.D.Virginia Institute of MarineScienceNorman B. Nelson, Ph.D.University of California,Santa BarbaraPhilippe Rouja, Ph.D.David Siegel, Ph.D.University of California,Santa BarbaraThomas Sleeter, Ph.D.Bermuda GovernmentDeborah Steinberg, Ph.D.Virginia Institute of MarineScienceWolfgang Sterrer, Ph.D.Bermuda Aquarium,Natural History Museum &ZooResearch TechniciansSteven BellMargaret BestKelly Carbery, Jr.Alex ChequerDebra CloughertyKevin CloutterAndrew CogswellPaul FarringtonBrian FredinClaudia HohnRodney JohnsonCamilla KavanaghPaul LethabyVivienne LochheadJan LockeJulian MitchellKeven NeelyRachel ParsonsKaren PatersonAnne-Christine PequignetLucy PowerMarla RanellettiMegan RoadmanAlec ScottMatthew StrongMegan ToaspernChristina van HilstGraham WebsterSandra ZielkeAdministrationManagementDirectorAnthony H. Knap, Ph.D.Assistant to the DirectorGillian M.S. HollisFinanceChief Financial OfficerJay Saadian, C.P.A.Financial ControllerStephen Markman, C.P.A.Human Resources OfficerSandy SpurlingAccountantJulia HedgesBookkeeperShirley SousaAccounts Payable ClerkLeeAnn MorenoComputer SystemsAdministratorJames MarquezAssistants to ComputerSystems AdministratorChristopher GerbingCharles KingEducationHead of AcademicAffairsFredric Lipschultz, Ph.D.UndergraduateSemesters CoordinatorFredric Lipschultz, Ph.D.Education OfficerHelle PattersonEducation SecretaryAnne KermodeLibrariansClare ThomsonFrançoise Palau-WolffeRisk PredictionInitiativeScience ProgramManagerRichard Murnane, Ph.D.Science Liaison andOperations ManagerSusan HowardScience Communications& Web TechnicianCharles KingDevelopmentDirector of DevelopmentPatrick HaganDevelopment OfficerAudrey PopePublic Relations OfficerAlison ShadboltDevelopment AssociatesAnne SpurlingJean Trapido-RosenthalPublic RelationsAssociatePippa GriveOperationsOperationsManagementOperations ManagerLauren Yelle-SimmonsLaboratory OperationsTechnicianMichael SouzaAccommodationsHouse ManagerLauren SimonsReservations AssistantJane BurrowsHousekeeperSharon MinorsRoom AttendantJanice WaldronDiningChef/ManagerLinda LeaningChefGeorge C. CraneKitchen AssistantsCharlene MilletGeorgianna WhiteMaintenanceMaintenanceSuperintendentWilfred StovellTruck DriverMichael RickardsGroundsmenRaymond RayMichael RickardsCarpenterChesley FoggoMason/PainterVincent TweedPlumber/ElectricianBarry ReposeLaboratory CleanerGeorgianna WhiteOffice CleanersSharon MinorsJanice WaldronMarine OperationsScience CoordinatorNicholas Bates, Ph.D.Marine SuperintendentLee BlackMarine OperationsCoordinatorsJohn CameronPauline GambleMarine TechniciansJames CaisonLee EllettR/V Weatherbird IICaptainRobert ChadwellMateJohn CainChief EngineerTommy JonesAssistant EngineerMichael RiordanSeamenDale BrangmanPatrick HarteryShip's CooksPauline GambleClyde HaydenWayne TheodisRelief OfficerLee BlackSmall Boats & DivingDiving Officer/SmallBoats SupervisorNancy StevensCaptainAlfred Smith40

Bermuda Biological Stationfor Research, Inc.17 Biological LaneSt. George’s GE 01BermudaTel: (441) 297-1880Fax: (441) 297-81431025 Westchester AvenueWhite Plains, NY 10604U.S.A.Tel: (914) 946-2400Fax: (914) 946-9474www.bbsr.edu

Development OfficeThe Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Inc.Ferry Reach, St. George’s GE 01BermudaTel: (441) 297-1880 ext. 206Fax: (441) 297-2820Bermuda Biological Station for Research Gift Reply FormTo become a BBSR Associate or Corporate Investor, please print this form and fax it to BBSR withyour credit card information or mail it to BBSR with your contribution.Yes! I want to support the Bermuda Biological Station for Research by contributing tothe Annual Fund. Enclosed is my contribution ofThe Annual Fund’s Associates and Corporate Investors programs provide essential operatingsupport for BBSR. Associates and Corporate Investors receive the BBSR Annual Report, itsquarterly publication, Currents, updates, free admission to BBSR’s public lectures, and invitations tospecial field trips and events. Gifts can be sent to BBSR at the above address or, if the donorprefers, to BBSR’s New York office at 1025 Westchester Avenue Suite 106, White Plains, NY 10604.BBSR is a U.S. 501(c)(3) charitable organization and Bermuda Registered Charity. Gifts aredeductible for U.S. taxpayers.Leadership CategoriesAssociates and Corporate Investors❑E.L. Mark Society ($10,000 or more)Harvard University Professor Edward Laurens Mark is considered the father of BBSR, servingas director from BBSR's founding in 1903 until 1932.❑ Beebe Society ($5,000 - $9,999)Reports in the 1930s from BBSR visiting investigator William Beebe’s renowned Bermudabathysphere dives focused public attention on marine science and deep water exploration.❑ Iselin Society ($2,500 - $4,999)Eminent oceanographer Columbus Iselin was president of BBSR from 1937 to 1949, afounder of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and captain of its R/V Atlantis.The Associates Program (individuals)❑ BBSR Fellows ($1,000 - $2,499)❑ Patrons’ Club ($500 - $999)❑ Sustaining Associates ($250 - $499)❑ Chartered Associates ($100 - $249)❑ Contributing Associates ($50 - $99)

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