Handbook on Citizen Engagement: Beyond Consultation - SASANet

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Appendix A. An Overview of Public Participation Methods (cont’d)Method Description Strengths Limitations ExamplesCitizenpanels• A randomly selected group of12 citizens meet routinely(e.g., four times per year) toconsider and discuss issuesand make decisions• Used to guide health resourceallocation decision• Panels act as “soundingboards” for governingauthority• Attitudes, values andpreferences of the panel aremeasured on a regular basis(generally via a survey)• Can take different forms:some are non-deliberative(mail or phone panels)• Proportion of panel memberscan be replaced at eachmeeting (i.e. 4 members) toincrease the overall number ofparticipants.• Multiple panels can be heldand run to increase participantnumbers (i.e. reduceexclusivity)• People benefit fromdiscussion within groups, butalso from discussing issueswith family and friends outsideof the panel• Small size of individual groupsand their non-intimidatingnature allows for innovativeideas and active participation• Less exclusive than citizenjuries, but still only a fewindividuals participate• Potential problems lie in initialstages of preparation (e.g.,selection of panel members,agenda setting)• Process requires significantresources and intensive timecommitment for participantsand organizers.• Can be difficult to generateneutral and complete briefingmaterial• Used for the last two decadesin many countries : GreatBritain, Germany, Denmark,and Canada.• Different policy issues liketransport planning,environment, health andtelecommunications.• In Canada, a few pilot projectsof citizens panels organizedwith regional healthauthorities• Brant County – Ontario(Health priorities)• Charlevoix – Québec (Healthpriorities and resourcesallocation)Key references on citizen panels:Abelson J, Forest P-G, and the Effective Public Consultation Team. Towards More Meaningful, Informed and Effective Public Consultation.Final Report to the Canadian Health Services Research Foundation, 2004c.Bowie C., Richardson A., and Sykes W. “Consulting the Public about Health Service Priorities”. British Medical Journal 1995, 311: 1155-1158.Kathlene L and Martin JA. “Enhancing Citizen Participation: Panel Designs, Perspectives, and Policy Formation”. Journal of Policy Analysisand Management 1991, 10(1): 46-63.50 CANADIAN POLICY RESEARCH NETWORKS
Appendix A. An Overview of Public Participation Methods (cont’d)Method Description Strengths Limitations ExamplesConsensusconferences• Developed by the DanishBoard of Technology.• A dialogue between expertsand citizens open to the publicand the media• The citizen panel plays theleading role (10 to 16 peoplewho are introduced to thetopic by a professionalfacilitator)• The citizen panel formulatesthe questions to be taken upat the conference, andparticipates in the selection ofexperts to answer them.• During the first day, expertspresent their answers to thequestions from the citizenpanel.• During the second and thirddays, questions are clarifiedand discussions are heldbetween the expert panel, thecitizen panel and theaudience. The citizen panelproduces a final document,presenting their conclusionsand recommendations.• Process of communicatinginformation about theconference topic provides astrong educational component• Useful method for obtaininginformed opinions from laypersons on complex issues• Small size of individual groupsand their non-intimidatingnature allows for innovativeideas and active participation.• Recruitment method may notensure representativeparticipation• Exclusive process• Elaborate process requiringsignificant resources• Multiple conferences may berequired to ensure that broad,representative opinions aresought• Since 1987, severalconsensus conferences wereheld in Denmark, Canada,France, the USA, GreatBritain, Argentina, Australia,Austria, Germany, Israel,Japan, the Netherlands, New-Zealand, Norway, SouthKorea and Switzerland.A few examples:• Xenotransplantation inCanada (2001)• Agriculture and genetictechnologies (1987)• Food irradiation (1989)• Human genome (1989)• Infertility (1993)• GMO (1999)Key references on consensus conferences:Andersen IE and Jaeger B. “Scenario Workshops and Consensus Conferences : Towards more Democratic Decision-Making”. Science andPublic Policy 1999, 26(5): 331-340.Danish Board of Technology. [www.tekno.dk].Einsiedel E. “Assessing a controversial medical technology: Canadian public consultations on xenotransplantation”. Public Understanding ofScience 2002, 11: 315-331.Joss S. and Durant J. Public Participation in Science: The Role of Consensus Conferences in Europe. London: Science Museum, 1995.LOKA Institute. [www.loka.org/pages/worldpanels.htm].CANADIAN POLICY RESEARCH NETWORKS 51
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Handbook on Citize
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