Analytical Chem istry - DePauw University

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302 Analytical Chemistry 2.0capcapwinch linespringFigure 7.6 A Niskin samplingbottle for collecting water samplesfrom lakes and oceans. Afterlowering the bottle to the desireddepth, a weight is sent down thewinch line, tripping a spring thatcloses the bottle. Source: NOAA(photolib.noaa.gov).ing shallow streams and rivers, and shallow (
Chapter 7 Collecting and Preparing Samples303Table 7.1 Preservation Methods and Maximum Holding Times for SelectedAnalytes in Natural Waters and WastewatersAnalyte Preservation Method Maximum Holding Timeammonia cool to 4 o C; add H 2 SO 4 to pH < 2 28 dayschloride none required 28 daysmetals—Cr(VI) cool to 4 o C 24 hoursmetals—Hg HNO 3 to pH < 2 28 daysmetals—all others HNO 3 to pH < 2 6 monthsnitrate none required 48 hoursorganochlorine pesticides 1 mL of 10 mg/mL HgCl 2 orimmediate extraction with a7 days without extraction40 days with extractionsuitable non-aqueous solventpH none required analyze immediatelyIn most cases the sample bottle has a wide mouth, making it easy to filland remove the sample. A narrow-mouth sample bottle is used if exposingthe sample to the container’s cap or to the outside environment is a problem.Unless exposure to plastic is a problem, caps for sample bottles aremanufactured from polyethylene. When polyethylene must be avoided, thecontainer cap includes an inert interior liner of neoprene or Teflon.Sa m p l e Pr e s e r v a t i o n a n d Pr e p a r a t i o nAfter removing a sample from its target population, its chemical compositionmay change as a result of chemical, biological, or physical processes.To prevent a change in composition, samples are preserved by controllingthe solution’s pH and temperature, by limiting its exposure to light or tothe atmosphere, or by adding a chemical preservative. After preserving asample, it may be safely stored for later analysis. The maximum holdingtime between preservation and analysis depends on the analyte’s stabilityand the effectiveness of sample preservation. Table 7.1 provides a listof representative methods for preserving samples and maximum holdingtimes for several analytes of importance in the analysis of natural watersand wastewaters.Most solution samples do not need additional preparation before analysis.This is the case for samples of natural waters and wastewaters. Solutionsamples with particularly complex matricies—blood and milk are twoexamples—may need additional processing to separate the analytes frominterferents, a topic covered later in this chapter.7C.2 GasesTypical examples of gaseous samples include automobile exhaust, emissionsfrom industrial smokestacks, atmospheric gases, and compressed gases. AlsoHere our concern is only with the need toprepare the gross sample by converting itinto a form suitable for analysis. Analyticalmethods may include additional samplepreparation steps, such as concentratingor diluting the analyte, or adjusting theanalyte’s chemical form. We will considerthese forms of sample preparation in laterchapters focusing on specific analyticalmethods.
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(a)(b)Phase 2Phase 12.95 3.00 3.05
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Detailed Table of ContentsPreface..
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4C.4 Uncertainty for Mixed Operatio
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8B.1 Theory and Practice . . . . .
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13. Kinetic Methods .. . . . . . .
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Appendix 5: Critical Values for the
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xxii Analytical Chemistry 2.0Steven
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4 Analytical Chemistry 2.0CH 3NOHHO
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Analytica
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DRAFTChapter 2Basic Tools ofAnalyti
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Chapter 2 Basic Tools of Analytical
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DRAFTChapter 3The Vocabularyof Anal
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Chapter 3 The Vocabulary of Analyti
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