Analytical Chem istry - DePauw University

Chapter 10 Spectroscopic Methods555The time domain spectrum is converted mathematically, by a process calleda Fourier transform, to a spectrum (also called a frequency domain spectrum)showing intensity as a function of the radiation’s energy.In comparison to a monochromator, an interferometer has two significantadvantages. The first advantage, which is termed Jacquinot’s advantage,is the higher throughput of source radiation. Because an interferometerdoes not use slits and has fewer optical components from whichradiation can be scattered and lost, the throughput of radiation reachingthe detector is 80–200 greater than that for a monochromator. The resultis less noise. The second advantage, which is called Fellgett’s advantage,is a savings in the time needed to obtain a spectrum. Because the detectormonitors all frequencies simultaneously, an entire spectrum takes approximatelyone second to record, as compared to 10–15 minutes with a scanningmonochromator.The mathematical details of the Fouriertransform are beyond the level of thistextbook. You can consult the chapter’sadditional resources for additional information.De t e c t o r sIn Nessler’s original method for determining ammonia (Figure 10.9) theanalyst’s eye serves as the detector, matching the sample’s color to that of astandard. The human eye, of course, has a poor range—responding only tovisible light—nor is it particularly sensitive or accurate. Modern detectorsuse a sensitive transducer to convert a signal consisting of photons intoan easily measured electrical signal. Ideally the detector’s signal, S, is a linearfunction of the electromagnetic radiation’s power, P,S = kP+DTransducer is a general term that refersto any device that converts a chemical orphysical property into an easily measuredelectrical signal. The retina in your eye,for example, is a transducer that convertsphotons into an electrical nerve impulse.where k is the detector’s sensitivity, and D is the detector’s dark current,or the background current when we prevent the source’s radiation fromreaching the detector.There are two broad classes of spectroscopic transducers: thermal transducersand photon transducers. Table 10.4 provides several representativeexamples of each class of transducers.Table 10.4 Examples of Transducers for SpectroscopyTransducer Class Wavelength Range Output Signalphototube photon 200–1000 nm currentphotomultiplier photon 110–1000 nm currentSi photodiode photon 250–1100 nm currentphotoconductor photon 750–6000 nm change in resistancephotovoltaic cell photon 400–5000 nm current or voltagethermocouple thermal 0.8–40 mm voltagethermistor thermal 0.8–40 mm change in resistancepneumatic thermal 0.8–1000 mm membrane displacementpyroelectric thermal 0.3–1000 mm current