Uilkraals Situation Assessment - Anchor Environmental

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TABLE OF CONTENTS1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 92. GEOGRAPHIC AND SOCIO‐ECONOMIC CONTEXT ..................................................................... 112.1 LOCATION AND EXTENT OF THE ESTUARY AND ITS CATCHMENT ....................................................................... 112.2 CATCHMENT CLIMATE, VEGETATION AND DRAINAGE .................................................................................... 132.3 CATCHMENT POPULATION, LAND‐USE AND ECONOMY.................................................................................. 15Population and socio‐economic status ............................................................................................ 15Land‐use .......................................................................................................................................... 16Economy .......................................................................................................................................... 173. ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONING OF THE ESTUARY .................................... 183.1 MOUTH DYNAMICS, HYDROLOGY AND CHANNEL SHAPE ................................................................................ 183.2 WATER CHEMISTRY ............................................................................................................................... 223.3 MICROALGAE ...................................................................................................................................... 223.4 VEGETATION ....................................................................................................................................... 23Macroalgae ..................................................................................................................................... 23Submerged macrophytes ................................................................................................................. 23Salt marsh ....................................................................................................................................... 23Reeds and sedges ............................................................................................................................ 24Terrestrial vegetation ...................................................................................................................... 243.5 INVERTEBRATES ................................................................................................................................... 25Benthic invertebrates ...................................................................................................................... 25Hyperbenthic invertebrates ............................................................................................................. 253.6 FISH .................................................................................................................................................. 263.7 BIRDS ................................................................................................................................................ 283.8 CURRENT HEALTH OF THE ESTUARY .......................................................................................................... 31Implications for the estuary ............................................................................................................ 334. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ............................................................................................................ 344.1 WHAT ARE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES? ........................................................................................................... 344.2 GOODS AND SERVICES PROVIDED BY THE UILKRAALS ESTUARY ....................................................................... 344.3 RAW MATERIALS .................................................................................................................................. 354.4 CARBON SEQUESTRATION ...................................................................................................................... 354.5 WASTE TREATMENT .............................................................................................................................. 364.6 EXPORT OF MATERIALS AND NUTRIENTS .................................................................................................... 364.7 REFUGIA AREAS AND NURSERY VALUE ....................................................................................................... 364.8 GENETIC RESOURCES ............................................................................................................................. 384.9 TOURISM AND RECREATIONAL VALUE ....................................................................................................... 385. LEGISLATION AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES .............................................................................. 405.1 THE MAIN THREATS AND OPPORTUNITIES TO BE CONSIDERED ........................................................................ 405.2 GENERAL POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE BACKGROUND ....................................................................................... 405.3 WATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................................ 47Legislative context ........................................................................................................................... 47The classification process ................................................................................................................ 47Uilkraals Estuary Situation AssessmentviiAnchor Environmental
The reserve determination process ................................................................................................. 475.4 EXPLOITATION OF LIVING MARINE RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 48Legislative context ........................................................................................................................... 48Issues surrounding recreational fishing ........................................................................................... 485.5 LAND USE AND MANAGEMENT OF ESTUARY MARGINS .................................................................................. 48Legislative context ........................................................................................................................... 48Development planning pertaining to the Uilkraals Estuary ............................................................ 53Issues of surrounding land use and development ........................................................................... 665.6 NON‐CONSUMPTIVE RECREATIONAL USE ................................................................................................... 66Legislation ....................................................................................................................................... 66Management issues ........................................................................................................................ 665.7 POTENTIAL FOR PROTECTED AREA STATUS ................................................................................................. 67Legislative context ........................................................................................................................... 67Potential for protection of the Uilkraals Estuary ............................................................................. 68Recommendations and procedure for establishing a protected area ............................................. 685.8 POTENTIAL AND NEED FOR RESTORATION ON THE UILKRAALS ESTUARY ........................................................... 696. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 70Uilkraals Estuary Situation AssessmentviiiAnchor Environmental
Page 1: C.A.P.E. Estuaries Management Progr
Page 6 and 7: Need for protection of the Uilkraal
Page 10 and 11: 1. INTRODUCTIONThe Uilkraals Estuar
Page 12 and 13: 2. GEOGRAPHIC AND SOCIO‐ECONOMIC
Page 14 and 15: 2.2 Catchment climate, vegetation a
Page 16 and 17: Figure 7: Annual rainfall for the U
Page 18 and 19: EconomyAgriculture dominates much o
Page 20 and 21: Figure 9. An aerial view of the Uil
Page 22 and 23: Figure 12. Pictures of the exposed
Page 24 and 25: 3.4 VegetationThere are four main v
Page 26 and 27: covered 19 ha and grassland 1.3 ha.
Page 28: Because the Uilkraals Estuary is ca
Page 31 and 32: For this study, a count of water‐
Page 33 and 34: iophysical variables. The current s
Page 36 and 37: Table 8. Ecosystem goods, services
Page 38 and 39: Estuaries are typically shallow and
Page 40 and 41: strands of remnant undisturbed fynb
Page 42 and 43: • to have the environment protect
Page 44 and 45: ProtectedareasUse of living resourc
Page 46 and 47: Table 11.Goals and strategies in th
Page 48 and 49: 5.3 Water quantity and quality requ
Page 50 and 51: Development planning has been rathe
Page 52 and 53: and weakening or destruction of the
Page 54 and 55: • take into consideration whether
Page 56 and 57: principles involve identifying an o
Page 58 and 59:
Component Strategy with spatial imp
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Component Description PoliciesConse
Page 66 and 67:
Component Description PoliciesCore
Page 68 and 69:
Other recreational activities are o
Page 70 and 71:
2. Establish a Marine Protected Are
Page 72 and 73:
Gillanders, B.M. & Kingsford, M.J.
Page 74 and 75:
APPENDIX 1: TERMS OF REFERENCEThe d
Page 76:
6. Monitoring and evaluationAn appr
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