Prof. Ing. Carlo Andrea Castiglioni Seismic Behaviour of Steel ...

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Seismic behaviour of steel storage pallet racking systems . 1CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONBackgroundDespite their lightness, racking systems (see appendix A for detailed informationabout structural typologies, standard pallet types and sizes as well as nomenclature)carry very high live load (many times larger than the dead load, opposite of whathappens for usual civil engineering structures) and can raise a considerable height.For these reasons they have to be properly designed.Figure 1.1 : Typical Pallet Rack configuration
Seismic behaviour of steel storage pallet racking systems . 2Many difficulties arise in the prediction of the structural behaviour of pallet racks,like instability (global, local and distortional) or modelling problems (beam-uprightconnections stiffness, base plate anchoring). The behaviour of these systems isaffected by the particular geometry of their structural components, made by highslenderness elements, the non-linear behaviour of both the beam-to-column(Agatino, Bernuzzi and Castiglioni, 2001) and the base-plate joints (Baldassino andZandonini, 2001).Therefore, these structures cannot be considered as buildings, and reference cannotbe made to usual Structural Design Recommendations and Standards.The most recent Design Standards for steel storage racks (R.M.I. 2002 a and b, FEM2001, RAL 1990, A.S. 1993, FEM 2005) provide a combined numericalexperimentalapproach in which the design structural analysis is supported byspecific tests to evaluate the performance of the key components (members andjoints).The design needs particular attention for storage racks installed in a seismic zone,where they must be able to withstand dynamic forces. Besides the usual global andlocal collapse mechanisms, an additional limit state for the system is represented bythe fall of the pallets with subsequent damage to goods, people and to the structureitself. In Europe, no official document is currently available for the seismic designof pallet racks, and the designers are compelled to operate with a total lack ofreferences and of commonly accepted design rules. Very often they make referenceto the Rack Manufacturers Institute (R.M.I.) Specifications (R.M.I. a and b, 2002),while the European Federation of Maintenance (F.E.M.) is presently working inorder to produce an official document (FEM, 2005).It must be pointed out that the seismic behaviour of steel storage racks is not only avery interesting and challenging problem from a scientific point of view, but it hasalso a very large economic impact.Racks, in fact, are widely adopted in warehouses where they are loaded with tons of(more or less) valuable goods. The loss of these goods during an earthquake mayrepresent for the owner a very large economic loss, much larger than the cost of thewhole rack on which the goods are stored, or of the cost for its seismic upgrade.Racks are also more and more frequently adopted in supermarkets and shoppingcentres, in areas open to the public.The falling of the pallets, in this case, may endanger the life of the clients as well asof the workmen and employees, involving not only Civil and Penal Rightconsiderations about the liability of the owners, but also economic considerationsrelated to the insurance coverage.In fact, sliding of the pallets on the racks and their consequent fall represents a limitstate that might occur during a seismic event also in the case of a well designedstorage rack, the phenomenon depending only on the dynamic friction coefficientbetween the pallet and the steel beam of the rack.Many times, after an earthquake, loss of goods was reported, with or without
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CHAPTER 4Seismic behaviour of steel
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Prof. Ing. Carlo Andrea Castiglioni Seismic Behaviour of Steel ...

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