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ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION AND CLINICAL INVESTIGATIONA Comparison Study of Commercial Plant Essential Oilswith Ethanolic Extract of Spearmint and Fenugreek Activityagainst Some Gram Positive and Gram Negative BacteriaHêro Farhad Salah AkrayiCorrespondence:Hêro F. Salah Akrayi Instructor of Microbiology,College of Education,Scientific Departments, University of Salahaddin,Kurdistan Region, IraqEmail: hero_ferhad@yahoo.comAbstractIntroductionThe increased role of antibioticresistant pathogenic microorganismsis greatly mediated by the increasedfrequency of mutations, misuseof antibiotics and other factors.Evolving resistant microbial strainshave compromised the use of newergenerations of antibiotics. Combatingsuch a situation has been so fardependent upon the traditionaltreatment of such microbial infectionsbased on substances that kill orinhibit growth of causative pathogens[1].Objectives: screening the antibacterialactivity of plant extractsagainst bacteria and comparingthe effect of commercial essentialoils with the plant extracts onbacteria.Methods: (Klebsiella pneumoniae,Proteus spp., Pseudomonasaeruginosa, Staphylococcusaureus and Streptococcus mutans)isolates were obtained fromhuman infections, from HawleriFerkari hospital in Erbil city, IraqResults: The ethanolic extractsof spearmint and fenugreek werebetter than commercial essentialoils as antibacterial agents, andthe ethanolic extract of spearmintwas better than the ethanolic extractof fenugreek. While the antibacterialactivity of pomegranateoil, spearmint oil, pumpkin oiland rosemary oil was better thanother oils used in this study.Conclusion: Both extracts haveantibacterial activity in additionto the pomegranate oil, and it isrecommended that care be takenwhen buying the plant product,because it will reflect negativelyon human health, if it is takenfrom human.Keywords: Essential Oils,Ethanolic Extract, Antibacterial,G+, G-, Well Diffusion Technique.During the past decade, traditionalsystems of medicine have becomea topic of global importance.Current estimates suggest that,in many developing countries, alarge proportion of the populationrelies heavily on traditionalpractitioners and medicinal plantsto meet primary health care needs.Although modern medicine maybe available in these countries,herbal medicines (phytomedicines)have often maintained popularityfor historical and cultural reasons.Concurrently, many people indeveloped countries have begun toturn to alternative or complementarytherapies, including medicinalherbs [2]. Plant essential oils maybe an alternative source of naturalcompounds for pathogenic bacteriabecause they constitute a richsource of bioactive chemicals andare commonly used as fragrancesand as flavouring agents for foodadditives. Indeed, the effectivenessof the activity of essential oils withrespect to gram- and gram+ bacteriais largely documented in literature.[3]. Contrary to the synthetic drugs,antimicrobials of plant origin are notassociated with many side effectsand have an enormous therapeuticpotential to cure many infectiousdiseases. Botanists, Phytochemistsand Pharmacologists are increasinglyturning their attention to folk medicine12 MIDDLEMIDDLE MIDDLEEASTEAST EASTJOURNALJOURNAL JOURNALOFOF OFFAMILYFAMILY FAMILYMEDICINE MEDICINEVOLUMEVOLUME10• VOLUME 8 ISSUEISSUE7, ISSUE 5710
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION AND CLINICAL INVESTIGATIONlooking for new leads to developbetter drugs against cancer, as wellas viral and microbial infections.There are more than 35,000 plantspecies being used in varioushuman cultures around the world,for medicinal purpose. Althoughthousands of plant species havebeen tested for antimicrobialproperties, the vast majority have notbeen adequately evaluated [4].The antimicrobial activities of plantoils and extracts have formedthe basis of many applications,including raw and processed foodpreservation, pharmaceuticals,alternative medicine and naturaltherapies. Moreover, the increasinguse of plant extracts in the food,cosmetic and pharmaceuticalindustries suggests that in order tofind active compounds, a systematicstudy of medicinal plants is veryimportant [5 and 6].Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalisL.) is a spice and medicinal herbwidely used around the world.Rosemary essential oil is also usedas an antibacterial, and antifungal,The main compounds responsiblefor the antimicrobial activity are a-pinene, bornyl acetate, camphor and1,8-cineole [7]. It is reported thatrosemary plants are rich sourcesof phenolic compounds with highantimicrobial activity against bothGram-positive and Gram-negativebacteria. A high percent of theantimicrobial activity is attributed tocarnosic acid and carnosol [8].Mint (M. spicata) has formed fromcross breeding of M. longifolia andM. rotundifolia. The leaves, herbsand essential oil of M. spicatawere used much earlier than thoseof peppermint. The essential oilsextracted from M. spicata, containingmainly carvone (50-70%) andmenthone, which have shown stronginsecticidal and mutagenic activity[9].Cumin has a broad antibioticspectrum against both grampositiveand gram negative bacteria.In particular the sensitivity ofHelicobacter pylori, Pseudomonasand others has been shown to cuminessential oil previously. Also in somereports it has been shown that theessential oil of cumin is equally ormore effective [10].Parsley is an annual herb indigenousto the Mediterranean region, butis now cultivated worldwide. Ithas erect stems and bright greenleaves. The oil contains twocomponents, apiol and myristicin,which are pharmacologically active.The plant also contains severalantimicrobial furocoumarins:psoralen, 8-methoxypsoralen, 5-methoxypsoralen, oxypeucedanin,and isopimpinellin. Parsley extractshave shown slight antibacterial andantifungal activity when tested in vitro[11].Pomegranate belongs to thepunicaceae family. It is one of theimportant horticulture fruits in theMediterranean climate. The ediblepart of the fruit contains considerablesaccharides, polyphenol andimportant minerals [12].Radish seeds were found tocontain alkaloid like coumarins,saponins, flavonoids andanthocyanins. Besides, radishseeds contain misothiocyanatethat has antimicrobial activity,antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic andantiatherosclerosis activity [13].A pumpkin used in medicalapplications, is an annual plant withyellow flowers. It has a climbingstem up to 12 m long and a fruitwith a round shape and fibrous flesh[14]. C. pepo has been known forits quality as an anti-helminthes.However, information on theantibacterial qualities of the seedsof these plants is unavailable andjustifies the need for this research[15].Henna (Lawsonia inermis Linn) is aplant which grows wild in abandonedareas. This plant is a worldwideknown cosmetic agent used to stainhair, skin and nails. However, it is notonly relevant to cosmetics. Alcoholicextracts of henna leaves showedmild antibacterial activity againstMicrococcus pyrogenes var aureusand Escherichia coli [16].Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum) found in nature and iscultivated in India and Pakistan, isa well known medicinal plant havingproperties of reducing blood sugarlevel, anthelmentic, antibacterial,anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, andantimicrobial. The important chemicalconstituents are saponins, coumarin,fenugreekine, nicotinic acid, phyticacid, scopoletin and trigonelline [17].Sesame belongs to the family-Pedaliaceae (Sesa-mum indicum L.)and is a very old cultivated crop andthought to have originated in Africa;sesame oil has antimicrobial activityagainst gram positive and gramnegative organisms [18 & 19].The black cumin seeds containthymoquinine that has antibacterial,diuretic, hypotensive and immunopotentiatingactivities via increasingneutrophil percentage and henceincreasing the defense mechanism ofthe body against infection [20].Eruca sativa Miller (Brassicaceae,synonym Eruca vesicaria Rocket),commonly known as “Tarmira”,“Rocket salad” or “Garden salad” isa diploid annual herbaceous plantgrowing up to 80cm. It showed thehighest antibacterial activity [21].Brassica nigra is a member of theBrassicaceae family. The seeds areglobular, black and about 1mm indiameter. It has a pungent taste andrich nutty odour. In addition to itsimportance as a food flavoring agent,the seeds of B. nigra also haveimportant medicinal uses [15].Almond (Prunus amygdalus) is amember of the Rosaceae familyand yields fruit of great commercialvalue. Phenolic compounds may beregarded as one factor contributingto quality of fruits and juice becauseof high antioxidative effects [22].This study aims to screen theantibacterial activity of plant extractsagainst bacteria and compare theeffect of commercial essential oilswith the plant extracts on bacteria.MIDDLE MIDDLE EAST EAST JOURNAL JOURNAL OF OF FAMILY FAMILY MEDICINE VOLUME • VOLUME 910 ISSUE 7, ISSUE 9 7 10 13
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Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTSOriginal Contribut
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Page 25 and 26: MEDICINE AND SOCIET YApproach to Fe
Page 27 and 28: MEDICINE AND SOCIET YTable 1: Popul
Page 29 and 30: MEDICINE AND SOCIET Ylaboratory inv
Page 31 and 32: EDUCATION AND TRAININGlearning capa
Page 33 and 34: EDUCATION AND TRAININGpragmatism wh
Page 35 and 36: EDUCATION AND TRAINING(Simonson, 19
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Page 43 and 44: CASE REPORTTurk J Pediatr 1989; 31(
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