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Prevalence of smoking among medical students andtheir perception of the risk of passive smoking and theantismoking role of health professionals in a newMedical CollegeORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION AND CLINICAL INVESTIGATIONAbdalla Abdelwahid Saeed (1)Abdulaziz F. Al-Kabbaa (2)Abdulshakur M. Abdalla (1)Hashim Hassan Ahmed (2)Ali Ahmed Mustafa (3)Correspondence:AbstractObjectives: To assess the prevalenceof smoking among medicalstudents, their perceptions ofhealth professionals antismokingrole and risk of passive smokingSubjects and Methods: Crosssectionalstudy using anonymous,self-administered questionnaireamong all students enrolled in thesecond semester of the AcademicYear 2008/2009.Results: Overall 46.0% of all studentshad ever smoked and 25.4%were current smokers. Current andever smoking prevalence was significantlyhigher among males andsenior students. No other significantdifferences according(1) Consultant, Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Fahad Medical City,King Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia(2) Consultant, Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Fahad Medical City,King Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia(3) Professor of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, King FahadMedical City, King Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaDr. Abdalla Abdelwahid SaeedDept of Community Medicine, KSAUHS,Faculty of Medicine, KFMCPO Box 59046, Riyadh 11525, KSATel. 009661 2889999ext. 7512Fax: 009661-2889999 ext. 8045Mobile 00966502469819Email: saeed.abdalla@gmail.com; aasaeed@kfmc.med.sato the other sociodemographicsstudied. Non smokers have morepositive perceptions concerningantismoking role of health professionalsand risk of passive smokingthan smokers, but differenceswere not significant. The highestperception score among smokerswas for the statement that “healthprofessionals should routinely advisepatients who smoke to avoidsmoking around children” For nonsmokers the highest was for thestatement “ Health professionalsshould routinely ask about theirpatients smoking habits”. Thehighest perception for both smokersand non smokers for the riskof passive smoking was for “passivesmoking and lung disease”,MIDDLEMIDDLE MIDDLEEASTEAST EASTJOURNALJOURNAL JOURNALOFOF FAMILY OFFAMILYFAMILYMEDICINEMEDICINE MEDICINEVOLUME• VOLUME10VOLUME 8ISSUEISSUE77, ISSUE 5 10while the lowest for both was for“ passive smoking and neonataldeath”. Male and first year studentsgave significantly a lowerrisk for association of passivesmoking and some diseases.Conclusion: Prevalence of smokingis high among medical students,particularly males. Studentshave favourable attitudes but theirperception of the risk of passivesmoking on certain diseases,needs corrective intervention.Key words: Smoking, prevalence,perception risk, passive smoking,medical students, Riyadh
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION AND CLINICAL INVESTIGATIONIntroductionThe harmful consequences ofsmoking on health have been welldocumented. Tobacco use is theleading global cause of preventablediseases. Studies have confirmedthe quantitative relationship betweensmoking and many health hazards inthe form of mortality, premature deathand serious morbidity(1-3). LeadingWorld Health authorities haveemphasized the vital importanceof participation and the positiveattitude of health professionals innational and international tobaccocontrol efforts. They encouragedphysicians to be role models andprovide their patients with regulartobacco interventions (2, 3). Thesame is expected from medicalstudents as they are expected to befuture physicians. They have to benon smokers themselves in order tobe convincingly effective. Measuringperceptions and attitudes of healthprofessionals and other sectors ofthe community towards smoking,provides valuable information inunderstanding the social acceptanceof smoking in a society(4, 5). Manynational and worldwide surveys havemonitored the smoking behaviors,beliefs, and attitudes of medicalstudents(6-14). They showed thatsmoking is a real problem amongmedical students irrespective ofthe level in which they are enrolled,educational strategies, or curriculumdesign.This study aims to estimateprevalence of tobacco use andassess the perception of medicalstudents of the role of healthprofessionals in antismokingactivities and the health risks ofpassive smoking in a new college ofmedicine in the Kingdom of SaudiArabia (KSA). It is of interest andsignificance to see whether medicalstudents in a new college of medicinewill show similar or different trendscompared to previous medicalstudents in other colleges. This newcollege was established in year 2004within King Fahad Medical City, atertiary health facility of the Ministryof Health. As from the academicyear 2009/2010 it became one of thecolleges of King Saud Bin AbdulazizUniversity for Health Sciences. It isadopting a problem-based integratedmedical curriculum. It is hoped thatthe results will help in designingand implementing comprehensivecorrective strategy if needed.Subjects and MethodsThis was a cross sectional studyconducted in June 2009 in theFaculty of Medicine at King FahadMedical City in Riyadh. All medicalstudents, enrolled in the secondsemester for the Academic Year2008/ 2009, were the populationfor this study. The study toolused was an anonymous, selfadministeredquestionnaire. Itwas based on a modified WHOquestionnaire surveying smokinghabits of health professionals andwas used previously in studyingsmoking habits of physicians andhealth students in Riyadh(15-16).The questions were grouped intocategories related to demographics,prevalence of cigarette smoking,reasons for smoking, not smoking,and for quitting attempts. Perceptionsof students towards the antismokingrole of health professionals andthe risk of passive smoking weremeasured using a Likert scale of oneto five points measuring the levelof agreement with the statements.Score five means full agreement;score 1 means full disagreementwith the statement. The higher thescore the higher and more positivethe perception. Questionnaires weredistributed during the classes by theauthors. The students were informedthat the results would be used forthe stated research purposes onlyand their participation was voluntary.No identification was required. Filledquestionnaires were collected andchecked for completeness beforebeing entered into a personalcomputer and analyzed usingthe Statistical Package for SocialSciences (SPSS) version 17.Descriptive statistics and t test, MannWhitney test and ANOVA or KruskalWallis tests were used for continuousvariables as appropriate afterchecking for normality.Pearson Chi square and FisherExact tests were used for studyingassociation of tobacco use andperception with the categoricalvariables (sociodemographics) asappropriate. Level ofsignificance was set to be < 0.05throughout the study. The numberof participants’ responses used inthe discrete statistical analysesvaried due to missing data forcertain variables and hence totalsmay vary. Reliability analysis forinternal consistency of the specificstatements was assessed usingCronbach alpha technique whichwas 0.862. Participation in the studywas totally voluntary but studentswere encouraged to participateemphasizing that informationcollected will be useful for them,college and community at large.Confidentiality was assured writtenand verbally, no identification wasrequired, and assurance was giventhat results will be used for thestated research purposes. An eversmoker was defined as someonewho attempted smoking any tobaccoproduct in the past. Ever smokerscan be currently non smokers (exsmokers)or current smokers. Anever smoker was one who hadnever smoked before. The study wasapproved by the Institute ReviewBoard (IRB) of King Fahad MedicalCity.ResultsCompleted questionnaires werereceived from 252 students out of300 students who were enrolledduring the study period givinga response rate of 84%. Malesconstituted about 72% (182) andfemales the rest (70), 28%. Ageranged from 17 to 26 years with amean of 20.74+-1.73 years (21.35+-1.57 for males and 19.19+-0.97 forfemales). About 61 % of the students(males and females) were enrolled inthe first and second year and the rest(males only) were enrolled in third,fourth and fifth years classes. Almost99% of the students were single.Overall 116 students (46.0%) wereever smokers and 64 (25.4%) werecurrent smokers. The age of initiationof smoking ranged from 8 to 23 yearswith a mean of 16.3+_3.3 years andwas significantly higher in males thanfemales (16.8+_2.8 compared to14.00+_4.4) years. Current and eversmoking prevalence was significantlyhigher among males and olderMIDDLE EAST JOURNAL OF FAMILY MEDICINE VOLUME 10 ISSUE 7MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL OF FAMILY MEDICINE • VOLUME 7, ISSUE 10
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