IranThe income “good” journalists canearn is so meager (around $500 amonth) that they are forced to compromisetheir professionalism by being anadvertising agent or by wheeling anddealing in planting favorable reportingto business or consumer goods. Manytimes one of my coworkers at my dailypublication wrote letters in Farsi andEnglish to Nestlé or other companiesin Iran to negotiate the marketing ofproducts under the excuse of writing“health or food stuff ” pieces. Collusioninvolving moneymaking is also foundamong sports writers. The sports pageshave among the highest readership, anddozens of male sportswriters are in jailbecause they’ve been involved in fixingmatches or, in most of these cases,served as brokers in selling and buyingsoccer and basketball players.Self-censorship: To write in Farsi is topush internalized red lines from thesubconscious to conscious. Those wellversed in the ways of self-censorshiptransgress these red areas unknowinglyin the same way a soldier findshis way through a minefield. A wellexperiencedjournalist is defined in thisinstance as “a person who can say whathe means in a way that the friends(audience) can get the point and theenemies (censors and pressure groups)miss the point.” Another effective formof self-censorship involves distractingthe focus of the audience (includingwriters at the dailies) to the disastrouswoes of the current economic crisis inthe United States, in particular, andthe West, in general.Heaping invectives on the U.S. administrationand its misconduct canalso be a way of continuing to workas a journalist while staying out ofjail. Another tricky way to do this isto take advantage of the dichotomyof so-called reformist and conservativecamps by acting as a journalistwith impartiality. In short, whateveris written should prove that you area strong believer in the ruling establishmentand you see eye to eye withthe supreme leader, Ayatollah AliKhamenei. When you are seen as asympathizer to the regime, you cancriticize the incumbent government.Translating Western newspaper articlescan be used as a safety valve to saywhat you mean through other stories,for example about Turk or Arab societiesor regimes.Postal costs and subsidized dailies:The cost of publishing nearly all ofIran’s daily newspapers is subsidizedby low interest loans. With monthly orweekly magazines (with the exceptionof the “yellow” press, 1 ) subscribers arediminishing in number as people loseinterest in reading what they considerto be old and outdated articles andanalysis, since many of these publicationscontain no firsthand reports. Andpostal costs have recently been almosttripled, which has only worsened thissituation—a monthly magazine thatcosts less than one dollar now costsalmost three dollars to be mailed.As one well versed journalist said,this additional cost has been the“finisher bullet” to any independentperiodicals.Lack of newspaper readership: Historically,with its low readership andcirculation of dailies, Iranians do notrely on newspapers to get information.In fact, daily reporting of news abouthuman events is not what the averagecitizen seeks. The Hamshahri (Citizen),the city of Tehran’s mouthpiece withthe highest circulation of around halfa million a day, is not sold for its newscontent but for its advertisements, realestate vacancies, and eulogies of thedead. Voice of America (VOA) andmore recently BBC Persian (on radioand TV) and the Internet throughproxies are the main sources for newsfor urban residents. To understandhow small the impact of newspapersis, I remind you that for more thantwo weeks during the New Year holidays,which started on March 21st, nonewspapers were published, and theirabsence was not felt at all.Movement toward the Internet: Censorship,low payment, and the high riskof arrest for any journalist who daresto take an investigative step, amongother reasons such as lack of individualliberty, have pushed Iranian journaliststo the virtual world of the Internet.This is happening even though theadviser to Tehran’s general prosecutorhas said that Iranian officials blockedabout five million Web sites in 2008.This has forced some of these digitaljournalists to look for jobs at Radio FreeEurope/Radio Liberty (Radio Farda),VOA and BBC Persian, or simply seeka nonjournalistic or public relationsjob to promote goods rather than actas the conscience of public opinion.Some create their own independentpress, if it is possible to do so. [Seearticles about the Web and Iran onpages 42-48.]I used to see many of my journalismcolleagues at Café Godot (named afterBeckett’s play) near the <strong>University</strong> ofTehran; now I read their bylines orhear their voices in Radio Farda, BBCPersian, or VOA. Those who are likeme—a young journalist who remainsin Iran—have to write as a sycophanticjournalist, finding some way to castigatethe United States and Westernsociety, in general, while at the sametime saying something between thelines. This is not journalism, rather itis compromising one’s principles day inand day out. However, when journalistsdare to write under pseudonymsfor any Persian news wires outside ofIran, they will face a harsh punishment,such as happened with Sohail Asefi,who escaped, Nader Karimi, who isstill in jail, Omidreza Mirsayafi, whodied in jail [more information abouthis death is on page 44], and dozensof others who still are kept in EvinPrison. 1The “yellow press” is a popular name for newspapers and periodicals of the early20th century that published news stories of a vulgarly sensational nature, a namesynonymous with gutter press.8 <strong>Nieman</strong> Reports | Summer 2009
Treatment of JournalistsAN ESSAY IN WORDS AND PHOTOGRAPHSPeering Inside Contemporary IranBY IASON ATHANASIADISA little girl looks out from a crowd of chador-covered women during a fireritual that tens of thousands of women perform on the eve of the Shi’itefestival of Ashura in the town of Khorramabad in western Iran. Ashurais part of mainstream Shi’ite Islam but, similar to Sufism, certain of itsrituals approach a mystic plateau that has led orthodox Muslim scholarsto condemn them.An exhibit of photographs of Iran featuringthe work of Iason Athanasiadis,a 2008 <strong>Nieman</strong> Fellow, opened for athree-month show in January at theCraft and Folk Art Museum (CAFAM)in Los Angeles, California. “Exploringthe Other: Contemporary Iran,”the title Athanasiadis selected for hiscollection, became the first exhibit ofpolitical photography from Iran to beshown at an American museum sincethe 1979 Islamic Revolution. NowAthanasiadis is contributing some ofthe exhibit’s photographs, along withothers he took during the years whenhe lived and worked in Iran, to thepages of <strong>Nieman</strong> Reports. His wordsthat accompany these photographswere written for CAFAM’s newsletterto introduce his show and explain howa photojournalist created an “artisticmuseum show about Iran.” On the followingpage, this introduction appearsin a reworked version.<strong>Nieman</strong> Reports | Summer 2009 9
- Page 1: N ieman ReportsTHE NIEMAN FOUNDATIO
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WORDS & REFLECTIONSObjectivity: It
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Nieman Notesmoney for the arrest an
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Nieman NotesKirstin Downey’s book
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VOL. 63 NO. 2 SUMMER 2009 IRAN: CAN