IRANIAN JOURNALISTS | Women Reporters, Women’s StoriesYour Eyes Say That You Have Cried‘Today’s generation of Iranian women reporters are doing big things. Their markwill be left on history.’BY MASOUD BEHNOUDMasoud Behnoud, a prominent newspapereditor in Tehran during the1970’s and 1980’s, was imprisonedas part of the Islamic Republic’scrackdown on nongovernmental andindependent newspapers. Here heremembers some difficult momentsinvolving young women reporters andthe role he played as their journalismteacher in Iran from 1988 to 2002. Henow lives in London, where he worksas a political adviser for BBC Persianand has a daily BBC TV program inFarsi about Iranian newspapers.With her small frame she wouldsit in the first row of class,squint her eyes, and listen.She never raised her voice, even atthe end of the class when she wouldcome to my office to ask something.One time, however, she did not learna particular lesson, meaning she couldnot accept it, could not believe it.When I was saying that a reporterhas to be objective, Fereshteh stoodup and asked whether she still hadto be objective in an interview withSaeed Criminal. I said, “Yes.” With apitch louder than usual she asked,“How can I be objective?”Saeed Criminal was Saeed Hanai,the same guy who had strangled 16women in northern Iran. He becamea darling of fundamentalists becausehe claimed to have killed the womenin order to purify the earth. SaeedCriminal was a monster. And Fereshtehmeans angel in Persian.I was sure she did not acceptthe notion that a reporter has to bedetached and objective. She did notaccept it even when I reasoned thatonly with detachment would her workbe effective; only when it was not inopposition to someone or to a situationright from the beginning; onlywhen she can lay out or question thesituation effectively. Only then willthe reader take a side in the end. “Itwill turn out the way you want it to,”I said.Even to influence, one has to beobjective. A report cannot take a sideand have a direction …Even when I said these things.In the next class, Roya was thesame, as she stood up and renouncedthe idea. She asked, “Are you objective?,”and she firmly questioned howanyone can be objective.In those years, Banafsheh was ayoung girl in that class. When I askedthe class to write a report of theirchoosing, she described a man whohad nice facial features, wrote well,and spoke romantically, but whoseheart was not tender, maybe made outof iron. Banafsheh was describing me.She had not accepted that one couldbe objective, either, and she had voicedher dissent in that way.Objectivity in a society in whichviolence against women has becomeinstitutionalized is a difficult task,and in vain I wanted young women todiscover this—the very ones who canbetter feel pain. Why was I adamantto dictate callously and test them onclassic journalism?The day they arrested Fereshteh, Icould not believe they would take thatdelicate girl to prison. But they did,and the newspaper picture showed herwalking toward prison with a smile,staring straight at the camera—intomy eyes. It was as if she was saying,“See professor, it’s not possible to beobjective.”The day they were trying Banafsheh,I went and sat in the back of thecourtroom. I hid myself pointlessly soshe would not be embarrassed. I wasmistaken; she was not ashamed to bestanding on the defendant’s stand.She stood tall and proud and said,“I wrote it. I gave my signature forwomen’s freedom, in order to preventoppression in a misogynist society andlegal persecution of women.”She did not even ask for mercy. Thejudge, prosecutor, guard and court wereall men; even Banafsheh’s lawyer was aman. Except for a few members of herfamily and a couple in the audience,there were no women in the room.Still, it seemed to me, even the lifelessstatue of justice with its empty scalewas crying—the consequence of thewords of a romantic young girl.Our daughters, our students, youngwomen reporters, in a traditionalsociety like Iran, take photographs,conduct interviews, and write reports.Some like Asieh exhaust their ownhealth in their effort to help younggirls facing execution; some like Massihbecome wanderers. All because theysay something their patriarchal societydeems bigger than their mouth. Theysay you talk too much. A womanshould be modest and chaste, raisekids, cook and clean the house forher man returning from work, tiredand expectant.Young women are doing in onegeneration something that in othersocieties it has taken many generationsto accomplish. So what if they cannotbe objective about Saeed Criminal whomurdered all of those women and theserial killers who murdered 10 intel-28 <strong>Nieman</strong> Reports | Summer 2009
Iranian Womenlectuals and dissidents.Today’s generation of Iranian womenreporters are doing big things. Theirmark will be left on history. Let theprofessor not accept their papers. Letthe heartless professor tell them thatin writing a report they have to beobjective. Objectivity only had meaningwhen Fereshteh smiled at her guardwhile being taken to prison, teachinghim that he was not her enemy and,if she had any enmity, it was with thetradition of misogyny.She had learned this lesson fromlife. Telling the Stories of Iranian Women’s Lives‘Anyone who did research on women’s <strong>issue</strong>s benefitted from hundreds ofarticles, stories and interviews that were featured in Zanan.’BY SHAHLA SHERKATIwas 10 years old and every weekmy mother would buy Zan-e Rooz(Today’s Woman), Iran’s highest circulationwomen-oriented publication,from the neighborhood newsstand. Shealways said that when I read a magazineI can speak better. My sisters andI would wait for the magazine everySaturday, and I particularly enjoyedreading its illustrated stories.In those childhood days I neverimagined that I would one day becomethe chief editor of that magazine. Forme, that job seemed like a succulentfruit on an out-of-reach branch, onethat a small girl like me could notpossibly reach. So when at 21 mysister called to ask if I wanted to bea journalist, I suddenly felt that themissing piece to the puzzle of mybeing had been discovered. Withouthesitation I began to make my quietand snail-paced move into the worldof women’s press.For a decade I slowly and incessantlytraveled this road, and witheach <strong>issue</strong> of Zan-e Rooz published—despite our many limitations—wepaved a rocky road smooth, so thatthe women’s movement in Iran couldprogress along it. When accused of“promoting modernist, Westernizedand feminist tendencies,” I was firedfrom the semipublic organization thatpublished Zan-e Rooz.However, I did not step aside fromwomen-related journalism. Withouthesitating, I set out to publish Zanan(Women) magazine for which I becameThe first <strong>issue</strong> of Zanan, published in 1991.the license holder. With greater controland speed, I was moving forward.Now I was in the arena of maximumexpression of views and desires ofwomen no matter their ideology,perspective, taste and approach. Andour magazine welcomed them, notjust a minority of women who hadofficial legitimacy and whose thoughtsand needs coincided with commonlyprescribed standards.Along this road, new pathwaysopened one by one. Women, as wellas concerned and well-skilled men,warmly greeted my attempt to publisha magazine that searched for solutionsto the problems women confrontedin intellectual, social, legal, political,educational and other arenas. AtZanan, we practiced collective work,democracy and tolerance for opposingviews. Our governing principle was theelimination of sexism and the gainingof understanding of the problems facingwomen working in double shiftsin public and private spheres. Zanandid not discourage anyone whosegoal was to flourish; everyone couldgrow in accordance with her talentsand capabilities. There was no placefor hopelessness. Our answer to selfdoubtin the fulfillment of objectiveswas “nothing is impossible.”This intimate, unified and collaborativefamily worked—or, better put,lived—together for 16 years. Throughjoys and pains, opportunities andthreats, poverty and prosperity, andhighs and lows, the magazine’s resolvedid not break, and its efforts did notdiminish. It was with this blossomingsynchrony between stories we publishedand the goals of Iran’s women’smovement that had just taken a newbreath for which Zanan served as itsplatform. Anyone who did research onwomen’s <strong>issue</strong>s benefitted from hundredsof articles, stories and interviewsthat were featured in Zanan. And themagazine served, too, as an indicator ofthe progress made by Iranian women,which was something authorities inIran could also take advantage of inthe international arena.<strong>Nieman</strong> Reports | Summer 2009 29
- Page 1: N ieman ReportsTHE NIEMAN FOUNDATIO
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Nieman NotesKirstin Downey’s book
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VOL. 63 NO. 2 SUMMER 2009 IRAN: CAN