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■ Being refused admission / referral to other hospitals■ Being denied health insurance■ Other forms of discrimination (such as insulting actions bymedical aides)On discrimination related to issuance of a medical certification stating“not fit to work”, in most cases, the responsibility for the violation couldbe traced ultimately to the employer. Most companies have accreditedcertain clinics to conduct medical tests on persons applying for jobs inthe company. In effect, it is a company policy to include HIV testing inthe medical examination to be conducted among applicants.3. With the family■ Abandonment by spouse■ Abandonment by other family members■ Ejection from house■ Lack of care■ Physical assault■ Sexual rejection■ Loss of property■ Disinheritance■ Not consulted anymore / stripped of decision-making power■ Other forms of discrimination (e.g., clothes not washed togetherwith those of other family members, separate plates)4. In educational institutions■ Being refused further education (in particular, on-the-job training,upon receipt of the medical certificate confirming HIV status)■ Other forms of discrimination5 In communities■ Being forced to change residence / pressured to leave■ Being refused to rent (a dwelling unit)■ Having experienced sexual rejection from current partnerD. NON-AVAILMENT OF REDRESS MECHANISMSThe studies made by Pinoy Plus Association and Action for Health Initiatives(ACHIEVE) indicate that many of those who have experienced stigma anddiscrimination did not seek legal redress. For instance, it has come to theattention of ACHIEVE that, over a period of several years, only three cases18 SEEKING REDRESS FOR HIV-RELATED VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS