A GIS Based Water Balance Study of Africa - Physical Land Resources

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33The simulated values of the annual evapotranspiration for Africa are presented in Fig 4.1The evapotranspiration values range from 0 to 2162mm/yr with an average of 588mm/yr andstandard deviation of 455mm. The result shows a fluctuation in evapotranspiration that correlateswith vegetation cover and annual rainfall. In the Sahel region which is mostly barren or sparselyvegetated, ET values are generally below 100mm/yr. Here the intense penetration of solar heatenergy favours evaporation from the soil surface but not transpiration since the vegetation coveris sparse.On the contrary regions around the tropics located approximately 10 o N to 10 o S, have annualevapotranspiration that exceeds 1000mm/yr. At the humid zone around the equator in West-Central Africa, where there are three varieties of forest types: tropical rainforest, mixeddeciduous forest and savannah forest, ET values exceed 1500mm/yr, reaching up to 2000mm/yrin the wettest areas. The eastern and southern margins do show a reduction of theevapotranspiration value generally between 500 to 700mm/yr. Further eastwards around the hornof Africa the value drops further to the range 100- 250 mm per year reflecting the aridconditions of these areas. In the semi arid subtropics of southern Africa, the values range from200 to 700mm/yr.
30° 30° 10° 10° 30° 50° 30°34Etyear0 - 100100 - 200200 - 500500 - 750750 - 10001000 - 15001500 - 20002000 - 3000No Data70°(mm)10° 10°NWE3000 0 3000 6000 MilesS10° 10°Figure 4.1: Average annual Evapotranspiration Map of Africa30° 30° 10° 10° 30° 50° 70° 30°
Page 5 and 6: 4LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1.1: Flowcha
Page 7 and 8: 6SUMMARYNkezeah, A.J., 2010. A GIS
Page 9 and 10: 81.2. OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCHThe
Page 11 and 12: 101.4. ORGANISATION OF THE REPORTTh
Page 15: 14independent water balances. Thus
Page 18 and 19: 17c is the vegetation coefficient [
Page 20 and 21: 19GROUNDWATER RECHARGERecharge refe
Page 22 and 23: 21CHAPTER 3MATERIALS AND METHODS3.1
Page 24 and 25: 233.3.1. TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPEThe to
Page 26 and 27: 25textural types were dominated by
Page 29 and 30: 283.3.4 PRECIPITATION INPUT DATAThe
Page 31 and 32: 30° 30° 30° 10° 10° 30° 50°
Page 33: 32CHAPTER 4RESULTS AND DISCUSSION4.
Page 37 and 38: 30° 30° 10° 10° 30° 50° 30°3
Page 39 and 40: Figure 4.5: Annual average Runoff M
Page 41 and 42: 30° 30° 10° 10° 30° 50° 30°4
Page 43 and 44: 30° 30° 10° 10° 30° 50° 30°4
Page 45 and 46: 70°(mm)444.2.6. TRANSPIRATIONTrans
Page 47 and 48: 46areas of Cental-West Africa. The
Page 49 and 50: 48variations of these components ar
Page 51 and 52: 50CHAPTER 5CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEND
Page 53 and 54: 52REFERENCESAlemaw, B.F., and Chaok
Page 55 and 56: 54Stone, D.B., Moomaw, C.L., Davis,

A GIS Based Water Balance Study of Africa - Physical Land Resources

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