ABSTRACTHowell, Edgar M. <strong>United</strong> <strong>States</strong> <strong>Army</strong> <strong>Headgear</strong> <strong>1855</strong>-<strong>1902</strong>: Catalog of <strong>United</strong><strong>States</strong> <strong>Army</strong> Uniforms in the Collections of the Smithsonian Institution, II.Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology, number 30, 109 pages, 63 figures,1975.—This volume brings the story of the evolution of headgear in the<strong>United</strong> <strong>States</strong> Regular <strong>Army</strong> from just prior to the Civil War to the opening ofthe modern era. Strongly influenced by French, British, and German styles, theU.S. <strong>Army</strong> tried and found wanting in numerous ways a number of models, andit was not until the adoption of the "drab" campaign hat in the early 1880sthat a truly American pattern evolved. The European influence carried on untilthe <strong>1902</strong> uniform change, and, in the case of the "overseas" cap and chapeau,even beyond.OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recordedin the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SI PRESS NUMBER 5226. COVERDESIGN: "New Regulation Uniform of the <strong>United</strong> <strong>States</strong> Artillery" by A. R. Waud (fromHarper's Weekly, 8 June 1867).Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data.National Museum of History and Technology.<strong>United</strong> <strong>States</strong> <strong>Army</strong> headgear <strong>1855</strong>-<strong>1902</strong>.(Catalog of <strong>United</strong> <strong>States</strong> <strong>Army</strong> uniforms in the collections of the Smithsonian Institution: 2)(Smithsonian studies in history and technology: no. 30)Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 1.28:301. <strong>United</strong> <strong>States</strong>. <strong>Army</strong>—Uniforms—Catalogs. 2. Head-gear—Catalogs. 3. SmithsonianInstitution. I. Howell, Edgar M. II. Title. III. Series. IV. Series: Smithsonian Institution.Smithsonian studies in history and technology; no. 30.UC483.C37 vol. 2 [UC503] 355.1'4'0973s [355.1'4] 75-619152For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OfficeWashington, D.C. 20402—Price $5.90 (cloth cover)Stock Number 4701-00120
PrefaceThis volume is the second* in a projected series on Regular <strong>Army</strong> dressbased on the collections of the National Museum of History and Technology ofthe Smithsonian Institution. Specifically it is a descriptive, critical, and documentarycatalog of the headgear of the Regular Establishment from <strong>1855</strong>through <strong>1902</strong>. Succeeding volumes will cover headgear from <strong>1902</strong> to the presentand uniforms and footwear from the period of the French and Indian War tothe modern era.The rich collections of the Smithsonian Institution contain examples ofmost of the patterns of enlisted and officers' headgear mentioned in regulations.While this volume was not designed as a definitive history of military headgearfor the period, it is essentially just that, as it illustrates, describes, and documentsthe specimens, furnishes official descriptions where available, and providespertinent correspondence on specific items, contemporary criticism both officialand unofficial, excerpts from uniform board proceedings, and reasons for adoptionof new models.With two exceptions all the specimens discussed in detail are from theNational Collections, most of them from the comprehensive War DepartmentCollection, supplemented by the numerous biogiaphical collections of themuseum. Unmatched in scope and rarity, the War Department Collection isdiscussed at length in volume 1 of this series.The year <strong>1902</strong> has not been arbitrarily selected as a cut-off date; it is in factthe end of an era in headgear concept and styling. The forage cap as such disappearsand, in somewhat altered form, becomes the dress/service cap in verynearly the modern style; the service or campaign hat takes over the forage orfield service function to undergo only a modification of the crown. Other headgearto be added, including the protective helmets, would be completely newand essentially modern and functional.During the months this study was in preparation, many people and institutionsgave generously of their time and facilities. Foremost were the personnelof the Old Military Records Division of the National Archives, particularly Mr.Elmer Parker, Mrs. Sara Jackson, and Miss Anna Medley. Their enthusiasticand continuing interest, and their sound advice based on years of experiencewith archival collections made this work possible. The help and advice of mycolleague here in the Division of Military History, Don Kloster, who is preparingthe volumes on uniforms in this series, has been immeasurable. Thanks arealso owing to the Royal Arsenal Museum (Tojhusmuseet) in Copenhagen, Denmark.And last but not least, my deep thanks are due to Mrs. Helen Finley andMrs. Diana McGeorge for their skill and patience in typing a messy and difficultmanuscript.*Volume 1, "<strong>United</strong> <strong>States</strong> <strong>Army</strong> <strong>Headgear</strong> to 1854: Catalog of <strong>United</strong> <strong>States</strong> <strong>Army</strong>Uniforms in the Collections of the Smithsonian Institution," by Edgar M. Howell and DonaldE. Kloster was published as <strong>United</strong> <strong>States</strong> National Museum Bulletin 269 by the SmithsonianInstitution Press in 1969.iii
- Page 1: • ^ - :lP-'L^ry\'^ ^iT
- Page 7 and 8: ContentsPagePrefaceiiiThe 1855 Cava
- Page 9 and 10: United States Army Headgear 1855-19
- Page 11 and 12: NUMBER 30report, stated: "The hat p
- Page 13 and 14: NUMBER 30acorns %g inches long and
- Page 15 and 16: NUMBER 30the pattern." The rate of
- Page 17 and 18: NUMBER 30FIGURE 3.—1858 Army hat.
- Page 19 and 20: NUMBER 3011model, number 60 in the
- Page 21 and 22: NUMBER 30 13"the desired modificati
- Page 23 and 24: NUMBER 30 15the sun in the top. The
- Page 25 and 26: NUMBER 30 17FIGURE 8.—1858 forage
- Page 27 and 28: NUMBER 30 19Hardtack and Coffee, ca
- Page 29 and 30: NUMBER 3021FIGURE 11.—a, Brigadie
- Page 31 and 32: NUMBER 30 23short "shell" jacket "f
- Page 33 and 34: NUMBER 30 26broad, securely soldere
- Page 35 and 36: NUMBER 30 27worn in the picture wer
- Page 37 and 38: NUMBER 30 29This communication elic
- Page 39 and 40: NUMBER 30 31FIGURE 17.—"The [Scot
- Page 41 and 42: NUMBER 30 33time for issue in the c
- Page 43 and 44: NUMBER 30 35be at too great a dista
- Page 45 and 46: NUMBER 3037half (5/2) part of washb
- Page 47 and 48: NUMBER 30 39trimmings for all enlis
- Page 49 and 50: NUMBER 30 41ing the upper space for
- Page 51 and 52: NUMBER 30rear one to a correspondin
- Page 53 and 54: NUMBER 30 46FIGURE 29.—1872 enlis
- Page 55 and 56:
NUMBER 3047FIGURE 32.—^The Bent &
- Page 57 and 58:
NUMBER 3049of strong split-leather
- Page 59 and 60:
NUMBER 30 51''""MttfenFIGURE 35.—
- Page 61 and 62:
NUMBER 30 53(which he thought might
- Page 63 and 64:
NUMBER 30 55FIGURE 38.—Captain Be
- Page 65 and 66:
NUMBER 30 57campaign hat for the Ar
- Page 67 and 68:
NUMBER 30 59salvage something from
- Page 69 and 70:
NUMBER 30 61hat. In June 1899 the P
- Page 71 and 72:
NUMBER 3063the left side, pass diag
- Page 73 and 74:
NUMBER 30 65.LJU^.."*^..FIGURE 44.
- Page 75 and 76:
NUMBER 30 67to be sent to Washingto
- Page 77 and 78:
NUMBER 30 69with brass sliding-buck
- Page 79 and 80:
NUMBER 30 71FIGURE 48.—Officers'
- Page 81 and 82:
NUMBER 3073The adoption of the whit
- Page 83 and 84:
NUMBER 3075i >•^\Wiii I ifiiiniim
- Page 85 and 86:
NUMBER 30this last model made no pr
- Page 87 and 88:
NUMBER 30 79WAR DEPARTMENT,QUARTERM
- Page 89 and 90:
NUMBER 3081FIGURE 58.—1864 chapea
- Page 91 and 92:
NUMBER 30geon 1880 and Surgeon Gene
- Page 93 and 94:
NUMBER 3085FIGURE 63.—1895 forage
- Page 95 and 96:
NUMBER 30 87of not less than 9.24 g
- Page 97 and 98:
AppendixMAKERS OF HEADGEARThe chron
- Page 99 and 100:
List of AbbreviationsAAGAAQMAGAGOAQ
- Page 101 and 102:
NUMBER 3093all OQMG, LS, Clothing,
- Page 103 and 104:
NUMBER 30 95"Jesup to Thomas, 8 Dec
- Page 105 and 106:
NUMBER 3097OQMG, Reg. LR, Clothing,
- Page 107 and 108:
NUMBER 30 99October of 1870. See Me
- Page 109 and 110:
NUMBER 30 101'"* See above, pp. 35-
- Page 111 and 112:
NUMBER 30 103Monroe, Va., in 1878.
- Page 113 and 114:
NUMBER 30 105""Endorsement, 24 May
- Page 115 and 116:
ReferencesThe bulk of the source ma
- Page 117:
M MBIiR 30 10910, No. 355-10, 19 Se