and friends were familiar <strong>with</strong> the latest development <strong>with</strong>inpsychiatry and specially demanded lobotomies. They were usedto having access to the latest and supposedly best of everything.Another interpretation is that the limits for socially acceptablebehaviours were particularly narrow in certain social circles; theprice to pay for deviance was high, and lobotomy might providepossible ways out of difficult situations. 213 of the women selected for lobotomy are described assexually problematic in some way: one as a sometime prostitute,others as promiscuous, venereal diseased, hypersexual,unfaithful, having children out of wedlock, or divorced. Fourwomen had had abortions, another four had been sterilised, onehad been castrated. Four women were said to be completelyor partly homosexual (cf., Braslow 1997). Homosexualitywas given considerable attention. The focus on sexuality, andespecially on potential homosexuality, is made quiet clear bothin the medical records and in the pre-printed lobotomy forms,which were sent to the Department of Neurosurgery. The onepageform contains a question concerning sexuality, <strong>with</strong>the accompanying explanatory examples of ‘(masturbation,impotency, homosexuality, bisexuality, et cetera)’, providingsome noteworthy deviances.Apart from gender, sexuality is one of the most evident andfrequent patterns when looking at the patients singled out forlobotomies. Deviant behaviour was linked to the body, especiallyto the wrong kind of feminine body and sexuality. Psychosurgery2cf. Pressman 1997, 199–208, 220–35, on lobotomy in the U.S., Vaczy Kragh,2007. In his study of Denmark, Vaczy Kragh finds no variation due to socioeconomicclass in the selection of patients for lobotomy. According to KennethÖgren, more men were eventually operated on, the average gender compositionfinally totalling approximately a good 60% women, and barely 40% men. SeeÖgren, 2005, 66f.; and Ögren, 2007.50
gave hope that it would be possible to change erratic or deviantbehaviour by means of physically correcting the body (cf.,Braslow 1997:165).Although few, the men’s medical records also contain notes onsexuality. One man is said to have once sodomized a cow, but thiswas not related to his sexuality; neither that he had lived <strong>with</strong> twowomen <strong>with</strong>out ever being married. Another man was marriedand had children <strong>with</strong> his wife while he also was engaged to andlived <strong>with</strong> another woman – the circumstances are described, buthis sexuality does not seem to have been an issue. A third manhad violent fits and sexually harassed women but, in his case,sterilisation or castration was not an option.In contrast to the women patients, those surgical procedureswere never mentioned as a possibility. The men’s sexual behaviourseems to have been understood as specific acts, not as anythingthat would shape and define their identity. Neither does it seem tohave been considered equally problematic as that of the women.Thus it can be argued that (i) men’s norm breaking (hetero)sexualbehaviour was not thought of as defining their very identities; (ii)men’s behaviour was not thought of as being incarnated, or asclosely connected to their bodies as was the case for women; and(iii) this can provide a partial explanation for the fact that it wasfar less common to sterilise and lobotomize men than women.IIAs archive material psychiatric medical records are veryemotional. To a present-day archive visitor the emotional chargeof a 20th century patient’s records seems to be transmitted whilereading. After the process of having been granted access tothese classified files, I spent days in an otherwise empty roomsupervised from behind a glass wall by the archives staff. Givenspecial permission to take digital photos <strong>with</strong>out a flash, I maderecords of the lives of 49 women and 4 men, the very first peopleto have lobotomies in Sweden.51
- Page 3 and 4: Thinking with Beverley Skeggseditor
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With the help of politics of emotio
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Wise, A. & Velayutham, S. (2006),
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