Education, Indigenous Culture and Knowledge, Sport and Recreation andYouth and Community.The course commenced in 1998 with 40 students from both indigenousand non-indigenous backgrounds. Its objectives are to provide anenvironment for indigenous and non-indigenous students that isrespectful and democratic, and to promote reconciliation (between thetwo communities) at the local level.Staff of the University travel to the location each week, or on alternateweeks. Subjects are integrated as much as possible around learningoutcomes. Distance learning techniques involving informationtechnology are being introduced. It is claimed that visible progress inlearning is occurring with students interacting and learning from eachother. Tension between indigenous and non-indigenous communities inAustralia means that there is a need to ensure both strong links betweenthe university and the community, and respect for the indigenouscommunity.ContactList of Projects by CountryNeil Hooley, School of Education, Victoria University of Technology, FootscrayPark Campus, PO Box 14428 MCMC, Melbourne 8001, Tel: 61-3-9688-4407, Fax: 61-3-9688-4646, Email: Neil.Hooley@vu.edu.auBANGLADESH4. Gonosahajjo Sangstha Schools ProjectPrimary education in Bangladesh is hampered by many factors. Theyinclude:• social attitudes and beliefs that favour the conventional system ofrote learning• lack of conceptual understanding of quality education and its linkswith child-centred learning• syllabus and curriculum that lack challenge• lack of appropriate and sustainable teacher training and teacher aids• a supervisory system that is not sustained through communityinvolvement and participation, but is directed from the top down.List of Projects by Country © 25
List of Projects by CountrySince 1989 this UNICEF project, which is supported by the Ministry ofEducation, Bangladesh, has worked in remote rural communities andwith slum dwellers. It aims to improve the quality of primary educationthrough a child-centred approach and increased community participation.It began with six primary schools and currently works with 452, built aspermanent structures though with low-cost materials. The project’ssuccess may be attributed to the way in which it has involved localcommunities in plans to establish schools. Parent-teacher Associationsmonitor school activities, and teachers are required to spend 30 minuteseach day carrying out community work. A three-tier school managementstructure operates at regional, district and school level, and a distinctionis made between ‘setting up’ and ‘running’ schools. For each process,clearly defined responsibilities are detailed at each level. At the schoollevel supervision is designed to support teacher initiatives in classroomorganization and management, and to help build teacher capacity.District level responsibilities include coordination, follow-up teachertraining, and mobilization of community involvement. Regional levelresponsibilities also include coordination and staff development throughprovision of regular workshops. In this project literacy is viewed as theacquisition and retention of a set of skills in an interactive classroomenvironment and as a phase in human learning, but never as the endproduct of schooling or education. This shift in perspective challengesthe view that literacy is synonymous with learning, and that learningmeans being able to memorize and reproduce.School building involves land transfer that can be slow and complicated.New ways of teaching and assessing, too, may stimulate parentalresistance.ReferenceRoy, A and Das, S (1998), Localized management and community participationin the improvement of primary schools: A case study of GonosahajjoSangstha Schools in Education for All: Making it Work, UNICEF,<strong>Bangkok</strong>.ContactS. Shaeffer, UNICEF, 3 United Nations Plaza, New York, USA 10017, Email:sshaeffer@unicef.orgWilson, JD (2000), Lifelong Learning in Japan - a lifeline for a ‘maturing’society? International Journal of Lifelong Education, vol. 20, no. 3,pp. 1-17.26 © Snapshots of Primary and Secondary Education in Asia-Pacific
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