Managing Contaminated Animal and Plant Materials: Field Guide on ...

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SafetyThermalTable 4. Personal protective equipment guidelines for thermal destruction operations.Natureof workFixed-facilityincinerationworkersdirectlyh<strong>and</strong>lingcontaminatedmaterialAir-curtainburningworkersdirectlyh<strong>and</strong>lingcontaminatedmateriala, b, cMask/respirator ProtectiveZoonoticagentDisposableparticulaterespirator(N95, N99, orN100); half orfull facepieceSame as forfixed-facilityincinerationNon-zoonoticagentNonerecommendedunless for foot<strong>and</strong>-mouthdiseaseSame as forfixed-facilityincinerationclothing aLiquidimpermeablesuit orovergarment(such as anapron)Liquidimpermeablesuit orovergarment(such as anapron)Eye/hearing Gloves a Head/footprotection a, c protectionSame as foropen-airburningSame as foropen-airburningSame as foropen-airburningSame as foropen-airburningSame as foropen-airburningSame as foropen-airburning(Continued on next page)102
Table 4. (Continued)Natureof worka, b, cMask/respirator Protectiveclothing aEye/hearing Gloves a Head/footprotection a, c protectionZoonoticagentNon-zoonoticagentOpen-airburningDisposableparticulaterespirator(N95, N99,or N100);half or fullfacepiece (fordescription,see Safetysection of thisguide)Nonerecommendedunlessnuisancedusts/ashimpede workImpermeableto liquids;considerfire-retardantovergarmentfor thoseworkingaround openflame; selectbased on heatsituationEyes: Fullfacepiecerespiratoror indirectlyvented goggles;contact lensesshould not beworn undergoggles orsafety glasses;considerGloves: Heavyduty(15–18mil) chemicalresistant glovesthat can bedisinfected ordisposed of;consider 10–12mil nitrile glovesworn underleather gloves,Feet: Forworkersh<strong>and</strong>lingcarcasses, steeltoe/steel shankwaterproofboots; forothers, steeltoedwork shoesor bootsHead: Hard hatprescriptionsafety gogglesHearing:Considerdisposableearplugs ifnecessarydepending ontaskaSee www.safetyequipment.org for a list of vendors from OSHAbFor information on a full respiratory protection program, see www.osha/gov/SLTC/respiratoryprotection/indexcRegulations governing use of personal protective equipment in hazardous waste operations can be found at 29 CFR 1910.134<strong>and</strong> 29 CFR 1910.156 <strong>and</strong> are summarized in the Safety section of this guide.103103
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ManagingCo
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Contents51377Introduction. Introduc
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IntroductionThis field guide is int
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IntroductionContaminated</s
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General Considerations14Disposal of
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General Considerations16Disposal of
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General Considerationsprevents scav
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PlanningPlanning considerations<str
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Planningunits, rendering plants, <s
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ProceduresGeneral ConsiderationsPro
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ProceduresGeneral ConsiderationsFig
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Page 76 and 77: CostEconomic factorsThe relevant ec
Page 78 and 79: CostGeneral ConsiderationsTable 12.
Page 80 and 81: Thermalon piles of organic material
Page 82 and 83: ThermalDescriptionFixed-facility in
Page 84 and 85: ThermalDescriptionties, transportat
Page 86 and 87: ThermalDescriptionFigure 2. An air-
Page 88 and 89: ThermalSummaryFigure 3. Open-air bu
Page 90 and 91: Regulatory SynopsisThermalCoordinat
Page 92 and 93: Planning• Ash disposal• Firefig
Page 94 and 95: PlanningDo not:• Burn carcasses w
Page 96 and 97: PlanningThermalPlanning for open-ai
Page 98 and 99: ProceduresThermalProcedure for fixe
Page 100 and 101: ProceduresThermalProcedure for open
Page 102 and 103: ProceduresThermalFigure 4. Side vie
Page 106 and 107: SafetyDiseases of concernViruses <s
Page 108 and 109: SafetyAdministration suggests estab
Page 110 and 111: Environmental ImpactsThermalGroundw
Page 112 and 113: Environmental ImpactsThermalAdditio
Page 114 and 115: CostDirect costsThermalThe direct f
Page 116 and 117: CostThermalTable 6. Estimates of di
Page 118 and 119: CostThermalFigure 6. Formulas to es
Page 120 and 121: BurialDefinition and</stron
Page 122 and 123: BurialTrench burialIn the trench bu
Page 124 and 125: BurialSummaryThe leachate from the
Page 126 and 127: BurialMass burial is an engineered
Page 128 and 129: Regulatory SynopsisBurialCoordinati
Page 130 and 131: PlanningPlanning considerationsCons
Page 132 and 133: PlanningAlso when locating a burial
Page 134 and 135: PlanningTrain the members of the di
Page 136 and 137: PlanningPlanning for trench burialW
Page 138 and 139: PlanningPlanning for mass burialThe
Page 140 and 141: ProceduresProcedure for trench buri
Page 142 and 143: ProceduresBurialFigure 1. Length ca
Page 144 and 145: ProceduresProcedure for lan
Page 146 and 147: ProceduresProcedure for mass burial
Page 148 and 149: ProceduresBurialFigure 5. Great Ort
Page 150 and 151: SafetyBurialTable 5. Guide<
Page 152 and 153: Safetyenvironmental degradation. Th
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Environmental ImpactsBurialGroundwa
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Environmental ImpactsBurialtors, wh
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CostBurialTable 6. Estimates of dir
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CostBurialEstimating the costs of f
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CompostingSummaryTable 1. Methods c
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CompostingIn the first phase of com
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CompostingSummaryFigure 2. An examp
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CompostingSummaryEnd productThe end
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CompostingFigure 3. Carcasses on to
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CompostingSummaryFigure 6. Loading
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CompostingFigure 8. A 200-foot-long
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Compostingparameters such as moistu
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CompostingSummaryFigure 12. Two vie
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Regulatory synopsisCoordination <st
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PlanningPlanning considerationsWhen
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PlanningCompostingTable 2. Carcass
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PlanningComposting184Planning for i
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PlanningCompostingTable 3. Minimum
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Proceduresposting materials). These
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ProceduresCompostingFigure 15. Cros
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ProceduresUse self-propelled or tow
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ProceduresCompostingOdor evaluation
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Procedurescompacting the windrow ba
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Proceduresprevent the contamination
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ProceduresCompostingProcedures for
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SafetyDiseases of concernComposting
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BiosecurityOf paramount importance
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Environmental ImpactsCompostingAir
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CostComposting208Table 5. Initial i
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CostCompostingFigure 18. Formulas f
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RenderingDefinition and</st
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RenderingSummaryThe agitating <stro
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Renderinginto the centrifuge (11),
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RenderingSummaryFigure 2. Two views
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Regulatory SynopsisRenderingPolluti
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PlanningRenderingTable 1. Some of t
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ProceduresKeep unauthorized personn
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SafetyRenderingTable 2. Personal pr
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SafetyOnce the safety of the render
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BiosecurityThe air flowing through
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Environmental ImpactsRenderingSome
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CostRenderingTable 3. Estimates of
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CostRenderingFigure 4. (Continued)I
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Alkaline hydrolysisSummaryTable 1.
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Alkaline hydrolysisSummaryFigure 2.
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Alkaline hydrolysisSummaryGeneral d
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Regulatory SynopsisAlkaline hydroly
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PlanningPlanning considerationsAlka
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ProceduresAlkaline hydrolysisTable
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ProceduresAlkaline hydrolysisMobile
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ProceduresAlkaline hydrolysisFigure
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SafetyAlkaline hydrolysisTable 3. P
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SafetyNotes on safetyHeat stress: S
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Environmental Impacts Alkaline hydr
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CostCosts and issu
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CostAlkaline hydrolysisTable 6. Est
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CostAlkaline hydrolysisFigure 7. (C
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DigestionSummaryTable 1. Methods co
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Digestioncannot be recovered with a
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Digestion3. Acetogenesis: The volat
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DigestionA sequential-batch system
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Regulatory SynopsisDigestionCoordin
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Regulatory SynopsisDigestionThe dec
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PlanningDigestionFigure 3. Operatio
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PlanningTo prevent explosions, prov
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ProceduresDigestioning the mixed ma
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ProceduresCarcass biogas production
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SafetyDigestionTable 2. Gui
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SafetyExposure to extremely high te
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Environmental ImpactsDigestionGroun
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CostThe cost breakdown for anaerobi
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CostDigestionTable 4. Estimates per
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CostDigestionFigure 8. Formulas to
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Emerging MethodsSummaryDefinition <
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Emerging MethodsSummaryGasification
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Emerging MethodsSummaryTable 1. Gas
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Emerging MethodsSummaryFigure 3. Vi
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Emerging MethodsSummaryFigure 4. An
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Emerging MethodsSummaryThermal depo
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Emerging MethodsSummarydried animal
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Emerging MethodsSummaryOther consid
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Emerging MehodsSummaryAlternative d
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