Managing Contaminated Animal and Plant Materials: Field Guide on ...

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CompostingFigure 8. A 200-foot-long windrow of 65ground carcasses. (Courtesy of Dr. John Kubeof Elanco <strong>Animal</strong> Health, Greenfield, IN)SummaryFigure 9. A view of compostingwindrows of ground carcasses. (Courtesyof Dr. John Kube of Elanco <strong>Animal</strong> Health,Greenfield, IN)172
In-house windrow composting: DescriptionAn in-house windrow composting pileis built inside a livestock barn or house toreduce labor, minimize the workers’ exposureto pathogens, reduce biosecurity risks, <strong>and</strong>minimize exposure to the elements.Carcass in-house composting occursin a poultry house after birds infected withcontagious diseases such as avian influenzaare euthanized. One method of euthanizingis the foaming technique (Figs. 10 <strong>and</strong> 11).Chemicals in the foam, such as mixtures ofhydrocarbon surfactants, alcohols, propyleneglycol, solvents, <strong>and</strong> stabilizers, produce foambubbles that fill the breathing passageways ofbirds (called hypoxia), causing death.In-house windrow composting limitsthe transmission of diseases from the farm,reduces the risks of groundwater <strong>and</strong> air pollution,allays public concerns over diseaseexposure, <strong>and</strong> protects the composting pilesfrom extreme weather conditions.This composting method is relatively lowcost <strong>and</strong> uses readily available farm equipment.This system of composting protectsthe pile from scavengers <strong>and</strong>, to some extent,from outside disease vectors.This method degrades carcasses efficiently,quickly, <strong>and</strong> in a controlled manner,containing the disease inside the barn <strong>and</strong>inactivating the pathogens in the carcasses<strong>and</strong> litter for poultry. It also probably providesenhanced composting because environmental173173
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ManagingCo
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Contents51377Introduction. Introduc
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IntroductionThis field guide is int
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IntroductionContaminated</s
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General Considerations14Disposal of
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General Considerations16Disposal of
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General Considerationsprevents scav
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PlanningPlanning considerations<str
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Planningunits, rendering plants, <s
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ProceduresGeneral ConsiderationsPro
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ProceduresGeneral ConsiderationsFig
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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CostEconomic factorsThe relevant ec
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CostGeneral ConsiderationsTable 12.
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Thermalon piles of organic material
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ThermalDescriptionFixed-facility in
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ThermalDescriptionties, transportat
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ThermalDescriptionFigure 2. An air-
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ThermalSummaryFigure 3. Open-air bu
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Regulatory SynopsisThermalCoordinat
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Planning• Ash disposal• Firefig
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PlanningDo not:• Burn carcasses w
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PlanningThermalPlanning for open-ai
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ProceduresThermalProcedure for fixe
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ProceduresThermalProcedure for open
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ProceduresThermalFigure 4. Side vie
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SafetyThermalTable 4. Personal prot
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SafetyDiseases of concernViruses <s
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SafetyAdministration suggests estab
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Environmental ImpactsThermalGroundw
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Environmental ImpactsThermalAdditio
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CostDirect costsThermalThe direct f
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CostThermalTable 6. Estimates of di
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CostThermalFigure 6. Formulas to es
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BurialDefinition and</stron
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BurialTrench burialIn the trench bu
Page 124 and 125: BurialSummaryThe leachate from the
Page 126 and 127: BurialMass burial is an engineered
Page 128 and 129: Regulatory SynopsisBurialCoordinati
Page 130 and 131: PlanningPlanning considerationsCons
Page 132 and 133: PlanningAlso when locating a burial
Page 134 and 135: PlanningTrain the members of the di
Page 136 and 137: PlanningPlanning for trench burialW
Page 138 and 139: PlanningPlanning for mass burialThe
Page 140 and 141: ProceduresProcedure for trench buri
Page 142 and 143: ProceduresBurialFigure 1. Length ca
Page 144 and 145: ProceduresProcedure for lan
Page 146 and 147: ProceduresProcedure for mass burial
Page 148 and 149: ProceduresBurialFigure 5. Great Ort
Page 150 and 151: SafetyBurialTable 5. Guide<
Page 152 and 153: Safetyenvironmental degradation. Th
Page 154 and 155: Environmental ImpactsBurialGroundwa
Page 156 and 157: Environmental ImpactsBurialtors, wh
Page 158 and 159: CostBurialTable 6. Estimates of dir
Page 160 and 161: CostBurialEstimating the costs of f
Page 162 and 163: CompostingSummaryTable 1. Methods c
Page 164 and 165: CompostingIn the first phase of com
Page 166 and 167: CompostingSummaryFigure 2. An examp
Page 168 and 169: CompostingSummaryEnd productThe end
Page 170 and 171: CompostingFigure 3. Carcasses on to
Page 172 and 173: CompostingSummaryFigure 6. Loading
Page 176 and 177: Compostingparameters such as moistu
Page 178 and 179: CompostingSummaryFigure 12. Two vie
Page 180 and 181: Regulatory synopsisCoordination <st
Page 182 and 183: PlanningPlanning considerationsWhen
Page 184 and 185: PlanningCompostingTable 2. Carcass
Page 186 and 187: PlanningComposting184Planning for i
Page 188 and 189: PlanningCompostingTable 3. Minimum
Page 190 and 191: Proceduresposting materials). These
Page 192 and 193: ProceduresCompostingFigure 15. Cros
Page 194 and 195: ProceduresUse self-propelled or tow
Page 196 and 197: ProceduresCompostingOdor evaluation
Page 198 and 199: Procedurescompacting the windrow ba
Page 200 and 201: Proceduresprevent the contamination
Page 202 and 203: ProceduresCompostingProcedures for
Page 204 and 205: SafetyDiseases of concernComposting
Page 206 and 207: BiosecurityOf paramount importance
Page 208 and 209: Environmental ImpactsCompostingAir
Page 210 and 211: CostComposting208Table 5. Initial i
Page 212 and 213: CostCompostingFigure 18. Formulas f
Page 214 and 215: RenderingDefinition and</st
Page 216 and 217: RenderingSummaryThe agitating <stro
Page 218 and 219: Renderinginto the centrifuge (11),
Page 220 and 221: RenderingSummaryFigure 2. Two views
Page 222 and 223: Regulatory SynopsisRenderingPolluti
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PlanningRenderingTable 1. Some of t
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ProceduresKeep unauthorized personn
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SafetyRenderingTable 2. Personal pr
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SafetyOnce the safety of the render
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BiosecurityThe air flowing through
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Environmental ImpactsRenderingSome
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CostRenderingTable 3. Estimates of
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CostRenderingFigure 4. (Continued)I
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Alkaline hydrolysisSummaryTable 1.
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Alkaline hydrolysisSummaryFigure 2.
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Alkaline hydrolysisSummaryGeneral d
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Regulatory SynopsisAlkaline hydroly
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PlanningPlanning considerationsAlka
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ProceduresAlkaline hydrolysisTable
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ProceduresAlkaline hydrolysisMobile
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ProceduresAlkaline hydrolysisFigure
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SafetyAlkaline hydrolysisTable 3. P
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SafetyNotes on safetyHeat stress: S
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Environmental Impacts Alkaline hydr
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CostCosts and issu
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CostAlkaline hydrolysisTable 6. Est
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CostAlkaline hydrolysisFigure 7. (C
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DigestionSummaryTable 1. Methods co
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Digestioncannot be recovered with a
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Digestion3. Acetogenesis: The volat
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DigestionA sequential-batch system
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Regulatory SynopsisDigestionCoordin
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Regulatory SynopsisDigestionThe dec
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PlanningDigestionFigure 3. Operatio
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PlanningTo prevent explosions, prov
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ProceduresDigestioning the mixed ma
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ProceduresCarcass biogas production
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SafetyDigestionTable 2. Gui
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SafetyExposure to extremely high te
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Environmental ImpactsDigestionGroun
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CostThe cost breakdown for anaerobi
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CostDigestionTable 4. Estimates per
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CostDigestionFigure 8. Formulas to
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Emerging MethodsSummaryDefinition <
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Emerging MethodsSummaryGasification
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Emerging MethodsSummaryTable 1. Gas
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Emerging MethodsSummaryFigure 3. Vi
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Emerging MethodsSummaryFigure 4. An
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Emerging MethodsSummaryThermal depo
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Emerging MethodsSummarydried animal
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Emerging MethodsSummaryOther consid
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Emerging MehodsSummaryAlternative d
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