Managing Contaminated Animal and Plant Materials: Field Guide on ...

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Regulatory SynopsisDigestionThe decision to use digestion must bemade jointly by the members of the appropriatetechnical group within the incidentcomm<strong>and</strong> structure because injury to peopleor property could trigger lawsuits similar tothose based on biosecurity breach.276
PlanningPlanning considerationsEvaluate in advance the advantages <strong>and</strong>disadvantages of batch versus continuous digesters.Although a batch digester is easier <strong>and</strong>less expensive to build than is a continuousdigester, a batch digester produces less gas, hasa lower loading rate, <strong>and</strong> carries more risk ofexplosion while the reactor is being emptied.A potential disadvantage of continuoussystems is that the bacterial flora may becomeacclimated to inhibitors such as ammonia <strong>and</strong>retard the production of biogas.To increase the fermentation capacity, planto use several batch digesters, <strong>and</strong> alternatethe loading <strong>and</strong> emptying processes. In such asystem, the organic material is loaded into thefermentation tank <strong>and</strong> digested for the designatedretention period. Then the effluent isremoved <strong>and</strong> the process is restarted (Fig. 3).DigestionThe volume of carcasses in lactic acid fermentationcan increase by 33 percent, mainlybecause of fermentation <strong>and</strong> carbon dioxideproduction.Plan to store the products of lactic acidfermentation <strong>and</strong> phosphoric acid preservationin sealed, vented containers. The odor ofthe final product is similar to that of fermentedmeats.Although the phosphoric acid preservation<strong>and</strong> carcass biogas production of farmcarcasses are essentially odor-free processes<strong>and</strong> are publicly acceptable, the lactic acidfermentation of farm carcasses produces volatile<strong>and</strong> odorous compounds (such as carbondioxide, ammonia, <strong>and</strong> organic compounds)<strong>and</strong> should be vented to prevent unpleasantconsequences.277
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ManagingCo
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Contents51377Introduction. Introduc
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IntroductionThis field guide is int
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IntroductionContaminated</s
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General Considerations14Disposal of
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General Considerations16Disposal of
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General Considerationsprevents scav
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PlanningPlanning considerations<str
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Planningunits, rendering plants, <s
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ProceduresGeneral ConsiderationsPro
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ProceduresGeneral ConsiderationsFig
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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Safety and Biosecu
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CostEconomic factorsThe relevant ec
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CostGeneral ConsiderationsTable 12.
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Thermalon piles of organic material
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ThermalDescriptionFixed-facility in
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ThermalDescriptionties, transportat
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ThermalDescriptionFigure 2. An air-
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ThermalSummaryFigure 3. Open-air bu
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Regulatory SynopsisThermalCoordinat
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Planning• Ash disposal• Firefig
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PlanningDo not:• Burn carcasses w
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PlanningThermalPlanning for open-ai
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ProceduresThermalProcedure for fixe
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ProceduresThermalProcedure for open
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ProceduresThermalFigure 4. Side vie
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SafetyThermalTable 4. Personal prot
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SafetyDiseases of concernViruses <s
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SafetyAdministration suggests estab
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Environmental ImpactsThermalGroundw
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Environmental ImpactsThermalAdditio
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CostDirect costsThermalThe direct f
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CostThermalTable 6. Estimates of di
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CostThermalFigure 6. Formulas to es
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BurialDefinition and</stron
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BurialTrench burialIn the trench bu
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BurialSummaryThe leachate from the
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BurialMass burial is an engineered
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Regulatory SynopsisBurialCoordinati
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PlanningPlanning considerationsCons
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PlanningAlso when locating a burial
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PlanningTrain the members of the di
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PlanningPlanning for trench burialW
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PlanningPlanning for mass burialThe
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ProceduresProcedure for trench buri
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ProceduresBurialFigure 1. Length ca
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ProceduresProcedure for lan
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ProceduresProcedure for mass burial
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ProceduresBurialFigure 5. Great Ort
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SafetyBurialTable 5. Guide<
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Safetyenvironmental degradation. Th
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Environmental ImpactsBurialGroundwa
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Environmental ImpactsBurialtors, wh
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CostBurialTable 6. Estimates of dir
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CostBurialEstimating the costs of f
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CompostingSummaryTable 1. Methods c
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CompostingIn the first phase of com
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CompostingSummaryFigure 2. An examp
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CompostingSummaryEnd productThe end
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CompostingFigure 3. Carcasses on to
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CompostingSummaryFigure 6. Loading
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CompostingFigure 8. A 200-foot-long
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Compostingparameters such as moistu
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CompostingSummaryFigure 12. Two vie
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Regulatory synopsisCoordination <st
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PlanningPlanning considerationsWhen
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PlanningCompostingTable 2. Carcass
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PlanningComposting184Planning for i
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PlanningCompostingTable 3. Minimum
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Proceduresposting materials). These
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ProceduresCompostingFigure 15. Cros
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ProceduresUse self-propelled or tow
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ProceduresCompostingOdor evaluation
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Procedurescompacting the windrow ba
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Proceduresprevent the contamination
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ProceduresCompostingProcedures for
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SafetyDiseases of concernComposting
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BiosecurityOf paramount importance
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Environmental ImpactsCompostingAir
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CostComposting208Table 5. Initial i
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CostCompostingFigure 18. Formulas f
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RenderingDefinition and</st
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RenderingSummaryThe agitating <stro
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Renderinginto the centrifuge (11),
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RenderingSummaryFigure 2. Two views
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Regulatory SynopsisRenderingPolluti
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PlanningRenderingTable 1. Some of t
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ProceduresKeep unauthorized personn
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Page 230 and 231: SafetyOnce the safety of the render
Page 232 and 233: BiosecurityThe air flowing through
Page 234 and 235: Environmental ImpactsRenderingSome
Page 236 and 237: CostRenderingTable 3. Estimates of
Page 238 and 239: CostRenderingFigure 4. (Continued)I
Page 240 and 241: Alkaline hydrolysisSummaryTable 1.
Page 242 and 243: Alkaline hydrolysisSummaryFigure 2.
Page 244 and 245: Alkaline hydrolysisSummaryGeneral d
Page 246 and 247: Regulatory SynopsisAlkaline hydroly
Page 248 and 249: PlanningPlanning considerationsAlka
Page 250 and 251: ProceduresAlkaline hydrolysisTable
Page 252 and 253: ProceduresAlkaline hydrolysisMobile
Page 254 and 255: ProceduresAlkaline hydrolysisFigure
Page 256 and 257: SafetyAlkaline hydrolysisTable 3. P
Page 258 and 259: SafetyNotes on safetyHeat stress: S
Page 260 and 261: Environmental Impacts Alkaline hydr
Page 262 and 263: CostCosts and issu
Page 264 and 265: CostAlkaline hydrolysisTable 6. Est
Page 266 and 267: CostAlkaline hydrolysisFigure 7. (C
Page 268 and 269: DigestionSummaryTable 1. Methods co
Page 270 and 271: Digestioncannot be recovered with a
Page 272 and 273: Digestion3. Acetogenesis: The volat
Page 274 and 275: DigestionA sequential-batch system
Page 276 and 277: Regulatory SynopsisDigestionCoordin
Page 280 and 281: PlanningDigestionFigure 3. Operatio
Page 282 and 283: PlanningTo prevent explosions, prov
Page 284 and 285: ProceduresDigestioning the mixed ma
Page 286 and 287: ProceduresCarcass biogas production
Page 288 and 289: SafetyDigestionTable 2. Gui
Page 290 and 291: SafetyExposure to extremely high te
Page 292 and 293: Environmental ImpactsDigestionGroun
Page 294 and 295: CostThe cost breakdown for anaerobi
Page 296 and 297: CostDigestionTable 4. Estimates per
Page 298 and 299: CostDigestionFigure 8. Formulas to
Page 300 and 301: Emerging MethodsSummaryDefinition <
Page 302 and 303: Emerging MethodsSummaryGasification
Page 304 and 305: Emerging MethodsSummaryTable 1. Gas
Page 306 and 307: Emerging MethodsSummaryFigure 3. Vi
Page 308 and 309: Emerging MethodsSummaryFigure 4. An
Page 310 and 311: Emerging MethodsSummaryThermal depo
Page 312 and 313: Emerging MethodsSummarydried animal
Page 314 and 315: Emerging MethodsSummaryOther consid
Page 316: Emerging MehodsSummaryAlternative d
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