Guidelines for the Use of RFID Technology in Transfusion Medicine

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Table of contentsPart I: General Information1. Background 11.1 Purpose 11.2 Scope 12. What is RFID? 12.1 RFID Overview 12.1.1 Transponder Tags 12.1.2 Readers 22.1.3 Frequencies 22.2 Automatic-Identification and Data Capture Methodologies 33. Advantages of RFID Solutions 33.1 RFID Solutions in General 33.2 RFID Solutions in Healthcare 33.3 RFID Solutions in Transfusion Medicine 43.3.1 Donor Management 43.3.2 Blood Product Management 53.3.3 Patient Identification 73.3.4 Transfusion Management 73.3.5 Facility and Device Management 8Part II: Deployment Information4. Technical Recommendations 84.1 Standardization 84.2 Tag Capacity 84.3 Tag Functionality and Security 94.4 Method of Tag Attachment 94.5 Data Structure 94.6 Disposal 105. Technical Architecture Overview 116. Risk Analysis 136.1 General Risk Assessment 146.2 Risk of RFID on Biologics 147. Implementation Methodology 157.1 Four Phase Approach 157.1.1 Phase I – The Assess Phase 157.1.2 Phase II – The Prototype Phase 167.1.3 Phase III – The Pilot Phase 167.1.4 Phase IV – The Deploy Phase 167.2 Tips for Change Management, Validation and Qualification 177.2.1 Change Control 177.2.2 Qualification and Validation 177.2.3 Performance Qualification 178. Economic Justification and Return on Investment (ROI) 178.1 Blood Centers 178.2 Hospitals 199. Conclusion 1910. Publications 19Appendix A – Glossary of RFID Terms 22
GUIDELINEVox Sanguinis (2010) 98 (Suppl. 2): 1–24ª 2010 The Author(s)Journal compilation ª 2010 International Society of Blood TransfusionDOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01324.xGuidelines for the Use of RFID Technology in TransfusionMedicinePart I: General Information1. BackgroundThe first application of RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification)was in World War II by the United Kingdom’s RoyalAir Force to identify their airplanes. Today there is renewedinterest in the technology as its reliability has improvedand its costs decreased. RFID technology is now reliableenough to support the optimization of production processes,health care services, and security control. Afterreviewing the results from initial RFID trials, the InternationalSociety for Blood Transfusion Working Party onInformation Technology (ISBT WPIT) voted in 2006 to createa Task Force on RFID to review the current state of RFIDdevelopment and recommend guidelines for the use of RFIDin transfusion medicine.1.1 PurposeImplementation of RFID in health care is primarily drivenby a desire to improve patient safety and enhance the efficiencyof the supply chain. This guideline, following a shorttechnical overview and some examples from industry,assesses high level advantages and disadvantages of usingRFID in transfusion medicine and identifies specific areaswhere RFID solutions might beneficially apply. It then providesrecommendations on standards that should be consideredin future implementations to ensure consistencyand compatibility within our industry.1.2 ScopeThe guideline is written for all those who are interested inusing RFID in transfusion medicine. It covers the use ofRFID in the blood product supply chain from bag manufacturingto the donor and to the patient. The authors are opento all comments, ideas for improvement, and constructivecriticism of the first edition.2. What is RFID?2.1 RFID OverviewRadio Frequency IDentification (RFID) is a method ofuniquely identifying items that uses electromagnetic radiowaves (wireless air interface) to interact and exchange databetween tags and readers (Fig. 1). There are defined standards(see 10.3.2) to ensure the interoperability of all components.ReaderAntennaFig. 1 Communication between reader and tag.RequestElectromagneticair interfaceAnswerTag2.1.1 Transponder TagsRFID tags consist of a chip or small circuit board coupled toan antenna. They are available in many standard forms,shapes and sizes, and special designs can be made for individualapplications (Fig. 2). Nearly all transponder chipshave a factory-programmed Unique Tag IdentificationNumber (UID). There are different types of tags distinguishedby technical construction and memory function:Technical ConstructionPassive tags receive power from the reader that promptsthem to communicate with the reader. The distance atwhich a passive tag can receive sufficient power from thereader to power up the chip defines its range. Passive tagsare the most widely used type of RFID tags.Semi-active or semi-passive tags contain a thin battery topower the chip. Battery power can be used to increase thetag’s read range of the RFID tag or, in the case of sensor tags,to enable measurement, analysis and storage of sensor data.Active tags use a battery to power both the receiver and atransmitter within the tag. Battery power allows the tag toemit a signal without activation by the reader, support asensor and ⁄ or increase the communication range betweenreader and tag. Beacon tags are used for real-time locationdetection of a tagged object such as a car, shipping containeror medical equipment. These battery-powered tagsemit a short message containing identification codes andother object attributes at regular intervals enabling positiondetection through reader triangulation or other locatingmethods.Memory FunctionRead-only: ‘‘write once tags’’. This includes both tags thatare pre-programmed at the factory and tags which may beprogrammed once only by the user.1
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