V. MAKING GENTRIFICATION WORK FOR THE COMMUNITY, CITY AND REGION:10 STEPS TO A STRONGER COMMUNITYA number of factors at the regional, city and neighborhood levels contribute to <strong>gentrification</strong>,and the unique combination of factors in any given city will affect the degree and pace of<strong>gentrification</strong>. Gentrification’s impacts can have positive or negative effects, depending on both thecircumstances of the neighborhood and metropolitan area, and on the constituency affected. Thepublic and private sectors have historically taken a range of steps to either encourage revitalizationor to dampen effects (such as rapid rent increases) that are also the adverse consequences of<strong>gentrification</strong>. These steps include tax abatements, housing trust funds, job linkage efforts, linkagefee programs, rent control, and so on, and many cities without a history of <strong>gentrification</strong> already havethem on the books. While none of these latter actions can or should stop all <strong>gentrification</strong>, theseefforts can dampen the adverse effects and can heighten the positive effects of rapid <strong>gentrification</strong>.There are, in our case study cities and elsewhere, strong indications that public and private actionstaken to address displacement can have a positive impact. For example, it is likely that lowerincome households and gentrifying neighborhoods in San Francisco would have seen moredisplacement, and more rapid community change, without some of the longstanding protections thecity has in place.Responses to <strong>gentrification</strong> should be constructed in the context of “equitable development.”Is the process of <strong>gentrification</strong> producing a kind of development that is inequitable in terms ofeconomic and social diversity or long term stability? And how can the strategies to manage changeincrease the likelihood of equitable development outcomes in the future?There are ten steps that can be taken to improve, if not optimize, the end result of<strong>gentrification</strong>. Rarely, however, have leaders so far developed the needed political capital andpulled these tools together in a timely and strategic fashion to positively affect the <strong>gentrification</strong>process. These strategies are consistent with longstanding community-building and economicdevelopment strategies, and many of the models have been tried and improved over the years. As aresult, this paper does not describe the tools and tactics in great detail, but rather refers the readerto other sources that do so (see Appendix B).These strategies are firmly based within the neighborhood, since that is the level at which<strong>gentrification</strong> plays itself out most directly. Yet cities and regions have a large stake in ensuringregional job/housing balance, in promoting sustainable economic growth, and in reducing theadverse effects of <strong>gentrification</strong> for their constituencies. Therefore, the strategies can and should besupported, implemented and funded by regional, city, private sector, non-profit sector andphilanthropic interests, and they generally require the participation of public and private sectorpartners. They include:1. knowing the context, and the growth dynamics in the city and region to determine the extentto which <strong>gentrification</strong> is a reality, a near possibility, or an unlikely occurrence.28
2. increasing regional, city and community understanding of the dynamics of <strong>gentrification</strong>, andconducting analyses that can anticipate pressures;3. getting organized, again at the regional, city and community levels;4. developing a unified vision and plan (e.g., for jobs/housing balance at the regional level, foreconomic and housing needs and opportunities for residents at the city level, and forneighborhood stability and viability at the local level);5. implementing regulatory and policy fixes at the regional, city and community levels, asappropriate;6. gaining control of public and private property assets that can be taken out of the market andused to provide affordable housing and office space for neighborhood residents and serviceproviders;7. improving resident understanding of legal rights, and home-buying and selling strategies;8. improving public education at the local and citywide levels;9. preparing parties to negotiate for more equitable development in the midst of <strong>gentrification</strong>;and10. creating forums to resolve conflicts and to re-knit the community.1. Knowing the ContextBefore thinking that <strong>gentrification</strong> is a challenge with which they must grapple, city leadersand neighborhood advocates must understand their city’s unique housing dynamics, job growthrates, and real estate trends. Is displacement likely to occur, or are there large swaths ofdepopulated land that can absorb new development without displacement? Are middle-incomepeople actually moving into the city, and if so, are they moving into low-income census tracts or intoupper- or middle-class neighborhoods? Put bluntly, everyone concerned about <strong>gentrification</strong> mustknow whether or not the city economy is strong enough to make <strong>gentrification</strong> an issue. If not, thenenergy and attention are better spent in planning for equitable development rather than searching fora challenge that does not yet exist. Similarly, people must know their neighborhood context: are theconditions right for <strong>gentrification</strong>, or can higher income residents be absorbed without displacement,as has occurred in some Cleveland neighborhoods. Are property values likely to rise graduallyenough that residents enjoy the benefits of revitalization without the challenges that <strong>gentrification</strong>can bring?29
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- Page 4 and 5: POLICYLINKSUMMARY OF RECENT PUBLICA
- Page 6 and 7: ABSTRACTThis paper serves as a prim
- Page 8 and 9: PREFACEThe Brookings Institution Ce
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- Page 76 and 77: BIBLIOGRAPHYAtkinson, Rowland, “M
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- Page 80: Walker, Mary Beth, A Population Pro