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VI. CONCLUSIONThis paper provides a fresh look at the gentrification issue in the context of neighborhoodrevitalization and change occurring today. We have attempted to reframe gentrification in aproductive way; one that recognizes both the tremendous value that new residents and higherincomes can bring to urban areas and neighborhoods, and the significant change and dislocationthat gentrification can mean for lower income residents. Moreover, by reframing the issue, by settingit in a broader context of revitalization, by examining the socio-economic dynamics of gentrification,and by listening carefully to those facing the issue on the ground, we hoped to distill some hands-onadvice for cities, communities, developers and others. We also hoped that the research and dataanalysis of the past generation would offer insights and guidance.Ultimately, we found the literature to be less than fully satisfying. As noted by many beforeus, data on gentrification appear to be spotty, inconclusive, and often contradictory. Gentrificationrelates directly to neighborhood change, and neighborhoods change in myriad ways and for myriadreasons. The literature is too often driven by ideology rather than by a focus on concrete strategiesto minimize adverse impacts associated with gentrification.We draw the following conclusions, however:• First, gentrification is a politically loaded concept that generally has not been useful inresolving growth and community change debates because its meaning is unclear. Thispaper attempts to move the focus away from the phenomenon itself, and pragmatically andproductively towards its causes, consequences and solutions.• Second, the process of gentrification can offer great benefits and great hardship tocommunities, businesses and families.• Third, the current wave of gentrification, suggests that urban areas are again attractive tomiddle- and upper-income people, an essential benchmark if our cities and surroundingregions are to recover from their economic and environmental tailspin of the past thirty years.• Fourth, the pace of change matters a great deal. Rapid gentrification brings with it manymore problems than does slow but steady revitalization.• Fifth, involuntary renter and commercial displacement is the most significant adverseconsequence of gentrification, albeit among those hardest to affect. Strategies to minimize itshould form the core of efforts to moderate gentrification.• Sixth, gentrification is a politically powerful concept that can be manipulated to driveresources, jobs and housing into lower income communities that need them.40
• And finally, if we can link the jobs and market demand that drive gentrification into the verycommunities most likely to feel its ill effects, we may accomplish a great deal.41
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Page 4 and 5: POLICYLINKSUMMARY OF RECENT PUBLICA
Page 6 and 7: ABSTRACTThis paper serves as a prim
Page 8 and 9: PREFACEThe Brookings Institution Ce
Page 11 and 12: DEALING WITH NEIGHBORHOOD CHANGE:A
Page 13 and 14: owners, and developers—better und
Page 15 and 16: III. GENTRIFICATION DYNAMICS:DEFINI
Page 17 and 18: A. How Big a Trend Is Gentrificatio
Page 19 and 20: espective metropolitan areas, this
Page 21 and 22: uilt only 31,000 new homes. 18 The
Page 23 and 24: created a $5,000 first-time homebuy
Page 25 and 26: consequences are perceived by varyi
Page 27 and 28: esidents they should stay in place
Page 29 and 30: and that these revenues are not era
Page 31 and 32: sale. 42 The street’s mix of busi
Page 33 and 34: communities (such as in Cleveland)
Page 35 and 36: IV. THE POLITICAL DYNAMICS OF GENTR
Page 37 and 38: the development process made unexpe
Page 39: 2. increasing regional, city and co
Page 42 and 43: Atlanta’s future into concrete st
Page 44 and 45: Affordable Housing Preservation and
Page 46 and 47: likely unproductive, although San F
Page 48 and 49: where the entering families with sc
Page 52 and 53: APPENDIX ARESPONSES TO GENTRIFICATI
Page 54 and 55: taken out of the San Francisco mark
Page 56 and 57: According to a recent survey, twent
Page 58 and 59: developed among long-standing Afric
Page 60 and 61: increased concentrations of minorit
Page 62 and 63: class to 60-65 percent of the popul
Page 64 and 65: experience in the Reynoldstown comm
Page 66 and 67: Hot Housing Market. Perhaps the mos
Page 68 and 69: The opening of the new Metro statio
Page 70 and 71: 3. ConclusionOptimism about the cit
Page 72 and 73: just over seven percent of all perm
Page 74 and 75: But neighborhood watchers see the c
Page 76 and 77: BIBLIOGRAPHYAtkinson, Rowland, “M
Page 78 and 79: Mission Economic Development Associ
Page 80: Walker, Mary Beth, A Population Pro

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