Literacy Trends in Pakistan - UNESCO Islamabad

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Table - 3Comparison of Pakistan with other South Asian countries in respect of literacy rate and other related factors – Year 1998CountryPer capitaGNP(US.$)Public exp.on educationas % of GNPPublicExpenditureon PrimaryEducation %of GNPPublic Expenditureon PrimaryEducationas % of totalEducational BudgetPublic exp. onprimary educationper pupil as % ofper capita GNPAdult LiteracyrateParticipation rateinGrade 1Survival rateto Grade 5Azerbaijan 480 3.00 1.9 57.8 9.3 97.3 81.3 98.1Bangladesh 370 2.2 1.2 43.6 8.1 41.0 64.6 70.0Bhutan 590 4.1 1.8 61.1 14.7 47.0 17.5 86.0Cambodia 260 2.1 0.9 89.9 5.2 68.0 62.4 45.2India 450 3.2 1.5 50.4 9.4 57.0 67.5 52.0Indonesia 640 4.0 2.6 30.4 17.9 87.9 48.3 85.3Iran 1650 4.0 2.5 34.4 6.2 75.5 95.7 94.8Japan 32350 3.8 2.7 53.00 16.5 99.9 99.9 99.9Kazakhstan 1340 4.5 1.8 26.2 12.2 99.9 98.3 92.0Kyrgyzstan 380 6.8 1.0 22.12 11.7 97.0 52.9 73.9Malaysia 3670 5.3 1.5 40.1 11.6 93.7 63.2 93.4Maldives 1960 6.4 2.4 38.9 12.1 97.0 96.8 98.0Mongolia 310 5.6 1.7 24.4 16.1 97.2 82.7 61.3Nepal 240 3.2 1.4 61.0 8.8 42.0 53.7 44.0Pakistan 440 2.7 1.1 51.8 11.6 43.2 66.1 50.0Philippines 1050 2.2 1.9 51.9 11.3 93.6 52.4 69.4Sri Lanka 850 3.4 2.43 16.60 4.64 92.0 94.0 97.0South Asia 444 3.2 2.13 43.73 8.97 54.0 73.8 54.0(WeightedAverage)Developing 1230 1.8 1.11 36.81 6.84 74.0 70.08 73.0CountriesSource: 1. World Education Statistics UNESCO 19982. A Synthesis Report of Education for All 2000 Assessment: In the South and West Asia sub-region for the Asia –Pacific Region3. UNDP Human Development Report 2001, Newyork: Pages 141-1444. Human Development in South Asia 2002, Mahbub-ul-Haq Human Development Center, Oxford University Press, Karachi.12
Table-3 above, indicates that countries like Malaysia, Maldives, Indonesia, Iran, Japan and Thailand who spend about 4 percent of GNP oneducation have literacy rates between 75 and 100 percent. A major indicator is the percentage of GNP spent on primary education, which has adirect bearing on the literacy rate. Countries like Bhutan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and India, invest about 1-2 percent of GNP on primaryand basic education, and have relatively low literacy rates as compared to the other countries listed in the table. Central Asian countries likeAzerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrghyzstan, Mongolia, and a few others are exceptions due to an emphasis on literacy and consequent achievement inthe past during the socialist regime. Pakistan is ranked at 138 (out of 172) position in HDI rank (with HDI index 0.499)* in the globe.When we glance at the global scenario of literacy, it appears that another important factor in raising both literacy and participation rates in 2000at primary level is public expenditure on primary education per pupil as a simple percentage of per capita GNP. Majority of the countries arespending from 8 to 15 percent of their per capita GNP per pupil in primary education. East Asian countries spent most of their education budgetson basic education — as much as 70 per cent. Forged alliances with the private sector, NGOs, civil organizations and many grassrootsmovements to spread education at a faster pace and in a more cost-effective manner, has also proved helpful in rising the literacy rate of most ofthe East Asian and other developing countries.In the early 1980s, under the umbrella of UNESCO an investigation into the factors that contributed to accelerated growth of literacy and basiceducation in countries of the region that were low in literacy, revealed that either the progress was due to the authoritarian nature of the systemof government like in Myanmar where the ruler, an Army General, had put literacy high on- his agenda, therefore the entire system was gearedto achieving long strides in literacy, or the delivery of literacy and basic education programmes was through the local cells of a politicalprogramme in which basic education was part of the ruling party's manifesto like in Vietnam and Laos.The international comparisons have a clear message that Pakistan lags behind many nations in its literacy efforts even at the dawn of the 21 stcentury. Therefore, if Pakistan has to make progress and achieve a respectable position in the world community, it has to accelerate efforts forthe realization of higher rates of literacy through basic education for specific age groups of children, and eradicating illiteracy among adults by anation-wide literacy campaign, and a literacy program on a war footing.10. LITERACY AND BASIC EDUCATION IN PAKISTANAdult literacy has remained a neglected area in terms of planned action in Pakistan. The overall strategy, from 1947 to 1998 has been restrictedto formal institutions only. Thus reflected replication of the existing formal model has been the major approach for the solution of the problemsof the basic education sector. Low investment in basic and primary education, successive failure of the promises made in every plan andeducation policy, and the practice of missing well marked deadlines, have created a credibility gap.13
Page 2 and 3: ContributorsDescription and Analysi
Page 4 and 5: Literacy Trends in PakistanUNESCO O
Page 6 and 7: Part I - An Analysis of Literacy Tr
Page 8 and 9: Part II Statistical Tables (Based o
Page 10 and 11: an education that includes learning
Page 12 and 13: district. This information on liter
Page 14 and 15: In the present day context, when pa
Page 16 and 17: 7. FUNCTIONAL LITERACYThe definitio
Page 18 and 19: Middle Level (Level II)A) TARGET GR
Page 22 and 23: Previous attempts made for the enha
Page 24 and 25: 11. CURRENT LITERACY SITUATION IN P
Page 26 and 27: Graph No. 1Growth of Literacy Rate
Page 28 and 29: Table 7 below indicates the highest
Page 30 and 31: Table 8Literacy Growth Rate Trends
Page 32 and 33: District has progressed from a very
Page 34 and 35: Table 11Districts in Various Litera
Page 36 and 37: 13.2 Public Expenditure on Primary
Page 38 and 39: lowest female literacy rate in Paki
Page 40 and 41: All this suggests that a considerab
Page 42 and 43: Graph No.4LITERACY RATE DIRECTLY EF
Page 44 and 45: 16. LITERACY AND NATIONAL PLAN OF A
Page 46 and 47: 17.1 Why has it been established?Th
Page 48 and 49: Table 16 - Focus Areas and Key Stra
Page 50 and 51: 17.5 Resource MobilizationThe Liter
Page 52 and 53: PART - IIStatistical Tables(Based o
Page 57: Table IILiteracy Rates (10 Years &
Page 62: Growth RateYearsAll Areas Urban Rur
Page 66 and 67: N.W.F.P.1972 15.50 23.10 4.701981 1
Page 71 and 72:
Table VLiteracy Rates (10 Years & a
Page 74 and 75:
Table VI-ADistrict-wise Rate (10 Ye
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Province/DistrictBoth Male Female B
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All Areas Urban RuralProvince/Distr
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Table VI-DDistrict-wise Rate of Lit
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Table VI-BDistrict-wise Rate of Lit
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Province/DistrictHyderabadBadinThat
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Province/DistrictKarachi SouthKarac
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All AreasUrbanRuralProvince/Distric
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Table VII-CDistrict-wise Rate of Li
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Table VII-BDistrict-wise Rate of Li
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IlliterateLiterate Matric & above D
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Illiterate Literate Matric & above
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Table VIII-BLinkage between Literac
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Illiterate Literate Matric & above
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Table VIII-DLinkage between Literac
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Table IX-ADistrict-wise Participati
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Province/District/ Population Schoo
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Table IX-DDistrict-wise i i Partici
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Table X-CDistrict-wise Participatio
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Province/District/ All Areas Urban
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Table X-DDistrict-wise Participatio
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ProvincelDistrictl All Areas Urban
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ProvincelDistrictl All Areas Urban
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BIBLIOGRAPHYAdam Curle. Planning fo
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Formulae used for Calculating the G
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Literacy Trends in Pakistan - UNESCO Islamabad

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