Literacy Trends in Pakistan - UNESCO Islamabad

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lowest female literacy rate in Pakistan in district Kohistan (2.95 %), and highest in Karachi Central (73.92 %), indicates the sharp variations ofattitude of the populace towards the education of girls. It is desirable that adult female literacy projects are initiated by the government or NGOsin Balochistan, NWFP and the three districts of Sindh where the female literacy rate is very low. It may be synthesized from the statisticspresented here that significant reductions in adult illiteracy can be achieved most cost-effectively by allocating a large percentage of resourcesfor the education of women. In particular, it is argued that money spent on the education of women who are mothers, or likely to becomemothers, is more as effective as compared to the same money spent on the education of fathers. Resources invested on the education of womencontribute not only to the development of the women themselves, but also significantly improve the participation and educational achievementof their children.The trends in respect of male and female literacy rates from 1981 to 1998 for various provinces of Pakistan also indicate that the male literacyrate in 1981 for Punjab has increased form 36.82 to 57.20 percent against a rise in the female literacy rate from 16.82 to 35.10 % (i.e. more thandouble). In the Sindh Province, the male literacy rate has increased from 39.70% in 1981 to 45.29 % in 1998, while in the same province thefemale literacy rate has increased from 21.60 to 34.78 percent. In NWFP, the increase in the male literacy rate has been from 25.80 % to51.39%, whereas the female literacy rate has increased from 6.5 to 18.82 % (i.e. three times) for the same period. In Balochistan, the increasefor the male literacy rate is from 15.2% to 34.03% and for females from 4.30 to 14.09 % (more than three times), for the same period.13.4 Participation RateTable VII and IX of Part II of this profile, and Table 14 (Part-I) given below, indicate that participation rates in various provinces have asignificant co-relation with literacy rates (r = 0.93). The Table further reveals that there are 30 districts in Pakistan which have less than 20percent and only 7 districts which have more than 60 percent participation rate at primary level. All districts in the NWFP and Balochistanprovince have less than 60 percent participation rate. The participation rate in this section has been worked out on the basis of statistics given inthe Population Census Reports. The population of 5-9 years old children and enrolment figures has been taken from District Census Reports(Table No.15) of the 1998 Population Census. In spite of the achievements, the participation rate in Pakistan did not exceed 60 percent, setagainst the target of 100 percent net participation rate by the year 2000. This implies that 8 million children of 5-9 age group were never enrolledin school and half of the 12 million that are enrolled may drop out before completing-primary education. Of all the E-9 countries, Pakistan hasthe lowest survival rate at the fifth grade. At that rate, the total number of out-of-school children may reach 14 million by the year 2003.30
Table 14Participation Rate of School Going Children in Pakistan (by Provinces) 1998AreaLiteracyrateNumber of districts with participation rate:Lessthan20%20 to 40%40-60 % Above 60%Districts with lowest participationrate.Punjab 46.56 ---- 10 17 7 D.G.Khan (23.69 %), Rajanpur(25.01 %), Muzzarfargarh (27.49 %)Sindh 45.29 4 13 4 --- Thatta (16.29 %),Shikarpur (18.20 %),Badin (18.35 %)NWFP 35.41 10 10 4 ---- Kohistan, (4.49 %) Shangla (6.39 %),Batagram (12.19 %)Balochistan 24.8 16 8 02 ---- Jhal Magsi (3.04 %),Kohlu (4.68 %),Dera Bughti (7.25 %)All Pakistan 43.92 30 41 27 7 Jhal Magsi (3.04 %),Kohlu (4.68 %),Dera Bughti (7.25 %)Districts with highestparticipation rate.Gujrat (74.78 %),Rawalpindi (74.55 %),Sialkot (74.09 %)Karachi Central (68.92 %),Karachi South (64.51 %),Karachi East (62.02 %)Abbotabad (48.86 %),Haripur 42.07 %), Kohat(41.80 %),Quetta(56.68%)Ziarat (42.45 %),Panjgur (39.64 %),Gujrat (74.78 %),Rawalpindi (74.55 %),Sialkot (74.09 %)Not only the low primary participation rate affects the process of promotion of literacy in Pakistan, a major problem is the retentionof children who get admitted to primary schools. The survival rate up to grade 5 in Pakistan is only 49.7% while the repetition rate foreach grade in the primary schools in Pakistan is about 15.74 %. Recent announcement of free education upto 10 th grade in all publicschool and 2% quota of free education in private schools by Punjab province may prove helpful; in enhancing the participation rate,survival rate and literacy rate.(Source: 1. World Education Statistics UNESCO 1998; 2. A synthesis Report of Education for All 2000 Assessment: In the South and West Asia sub-region for the Asia –Pacific Region p-58).31
Page 2 and 3: ContributorsDescription and Analysi
Page 4 and 5: Literacy Trends in PakistanUNESCO O
Page 6 and 7: Part I - An Analysis of Literacy Tr
Page 8 and 9: Part II Statistical Tables (Based o
Page 10 and 11: an education that includes learning
Page 12 and 13: district. This information on liter
Page 14 and 15: In the present day context, when pa
Page 16 and 17: 7. FUNCTIONAL LITERACYThe definitio
Page 18 and 19: Middle Level (Level II)A) TARGET GR
Page 20 and 21: Table - 3Comparison of Pakistan wit
Page 22 and 23: Previous attempts made for the enha
Page 24 and 25: 11. CURRENT LITERACY SITUATION IN P
Page 26 and 27: Graph No. 1Growth of Literacy Rate
Page 28 and 29: Table 7 below indicates the highest
Page 30 and 31: Table 8Literacy Growth Rate Trends
Page 32 and 33: District has progressed from a very
Page 34 and 35: Table 11Districts in Various Litera
Page 36 and 37: 13.2 Public Expenditure on Primary
Page 40 and 41: All this suggests that a considerab
Page 42 and 43: Graph No.4LITERACY RATE DIRECTLY EF
Page 44 and 45: 16. LITERACY AND NATIONAL PLAN OF A
Page 46 and 47: 17.1 Why has it been established?Th
Page 48 and 49: Table 16 - Focus Areas and Key Stra
Page 50 and 51: 17.5 Resource MobilizationThe Liter
Page 52 and 53: PART - IIStatistical Tables(Based o
Page 57: Table IILiteracy Rates (10 Years &
Page 62: Growth RateYearsAll Areas Urban Rur
Page 66 and 67: N.W.F.P.1972 15.50 23.10 4.701981 1
Page 71 and 72: Table VLiteracy Rates (10 Years & a
Page 74 and 75: Table VI-ADistrict-wise Rate (10 Ye
Page 76 and 77: Province/DistrictBoth Male Female B
Page 82 and 83: All Areas Urban RuralProvince/Distr
Page 84 and 85: All Areas Urban RuralProvince/Distr
Page 86 and 87: Table VI-DDistrict-wise Rate of Lit
Page 88 and 89:
All Areas Urban RuralProvince/Distr
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Table VI-BDistrict-wise Rate of Lit
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Province/DistrictHyderabadBadinThat
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Province/DistrictKarachi SouthKarac
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All AreasUrbanRuralProvince/Distric
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Page 105 and 106:
Table VII-CDistrict-wise Rate of Li
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Table VII-BDistrict-wise Rate of Li
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
IlliterateLiterate Matric & above D
Page 115 and 116:
Illiterate Literate Matric & above
Page 117 and 118:
Table VIII-BLinkage between Literac
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Page 123 and 124:
Illiterate Literate Matric & above
Page 125 and 126:
Table VIII-DLinkage between Literac
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Page 129 and 130:
Table IX-ADistrict-wise Participati
Page 131 and 132:
Province/District/ Population Schoo
Page 133 and 134:
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Page 137 and 138:
Table IX-DDistrict-wise i i Partici
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Table X-CDistrict-wise Participatio
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Province/District/ All Areas Urban
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Table X-DDistrict-wise Participatio
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ProvincelDistrictl All Areas Urban
Page 149 and 150:
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ProvincelDistrictl All Areas Urban
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BIBLIOGRAPHYAdam Curle. Planning fo
Page 155:
Formulae used for Calculating the G
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Literacy Trends in Pakistan - UNESCO Islamabad

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