Afghanistan's Fourth National Report to the Convention on ...

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4.1.3 Goal 3. Promote <strong>the</strong> conservation of genetic diversity4.1.3.1. Target 3.1: Genetic diversity of crops, lives<strong>to</strong>ck, and of harvestedspecies of trees, fish and wildlife and o<strong>the</strong>r valuable species conserved, andassociated indigenous and local knowledge maintained.Afghanistan once had extensive herbarium and seed collections all of which weredestroyed during <strong>the</strong> war (SciDevNet 2002). There is currently no extensive seed bank inAfghanistan, although MoAIL is currently completing a seed bank facility and severalorganizations (ICARDA [ICARDA nd], NordGen [NordGen Plants nd], FAO [SamuelKugbei, FAO; pers. comm., Samuel.kugbei@fao.com] are maintaining small seed banksfor Afghan crops.Genetic variability of wheat landraces was investigated from samples collected between1955 and 1978 and maintained by a gene bank in Japan. Results indicated that <strong>the</strong> genebank collections of Afghan wheat are true landraces without contamination of modernvarieties or introduction of alien genetic fac<strong>to</strong>rs. The results also indicated that <strong>the</strong> geneticdiversity of Afghan wheat is generally high between regions, but relatively uniform withinregions (Terasawa et al. 2008).No significant herbarium currently exists in Afghanistan. Most surviving plant specimensare located in German herbaria. A small botanical garden is being developed near KabulUniversity. Plans by MoAIL for a more extensive botanical garden near Paghman havebeen shelved.4.1.4. Goal 4. Promote sustainable use and consumption.4.1.4.1. Target 4.1: Biodiversity-based products derived from sources that aresustainably managed, and production areas managed consistent with <strong>the</strong>conservation of biodiversity.Although <strong>the</strong>re are few specific data, it is clear that <strong>the</strong> majority of forests, rangelands anddryland farming areas and wild medicinal plants are not being sustainably managed.Implementing sustainable land management is a major thrust of several new projects(Section 2.2.).4.1.4.2. Target 4.2. Unsustainable consumption of biological resources, or thatimpacts upon biodiversity, reduced.The ecological footprint has emerged as <strong>the</strong> world’s premier measure of humanity’sdemand on nature. It measures how much land and water area a human populationrequires <strong>to</strong> produce <strong>the</strong> resources it consumes and <strong>to</strong> absorb its wastes. It is measured inglobal hectares (gha) which are areas weighted by <strong>the</strong>ir productivity (for details onmethods and definitions, see <strong>the</strong> Global Footprint Network website athttp://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/)Afghanistan’s 2005 ecological footprint was 0.48 gha per person which tied Afghanistanfor lowest rate of consumption among <strong>the</strong> 150 nations audited by <strong>the</strong> Global FootprintNetwork (Ewing et al. 2008). According <strong>to</strong> this analysis, a typical Afghan uses only about18% as much of <strong>the</strong> world’s biological capacity as does <strong>the</strong> average world citizen.Afghanistan’s per capita ecological footprint declined 69% between 1961 and 2005(Figure 6).Afghanistan’s <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Convention</strong> on Biological Diversity30 March, 200938
• Figure 6. Trend in Afghanistan’s ecological footprint 1961 – 2005 by sec<strong>to</strong>r. (Courtesy of GlobalFootprint Network, 2008 <strong>National</strong> Accounts data. Seehttp://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/)Biocapacity represents <strong>the</strong> ability of ecosystems <strong>to</strong> produce useful biological materials and<strong>to</strong> absorb wastes generated by humans. Afghanistan’s per capita biocapacity declinedfrom 2.41 gha per Afghan in 1961 <strong>to</strong> 0.73 in 2005, a reduction of 70% (Figure 7). Thisreflects <strong>the</strong> fact that before <strong>the</strong> war, Afghanistan was nearly self sufficient in foodproduction but now depends heavily on food aid and imports.• Figure 7. Trend in Afghanistan’s biocapacity 1961 – 2005 by sec<strong>to</strong>r. (Courtesy of Global FootprintNetwork, 2008 <strong>National</strong> Accounts data. See http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/)In 2005, Afghanistan still had an ecological reserve (biocapacity minus consumption) of0.25 gha per Afghan, but this buffer has declined by more than 70% in <strong>the</strong> past 44 years(Figure 8). As consumption and population levels rise in <strong>the</strong> future, Afghanistan’s demandon nature will certainly exceed <strong>the</strong> regenerative capacity of <strong>the</strong> land and natural resourceuse will become unsustainable.• Figure 8. Trend in Afghanistan’s biocapacity, consumption and ecological reserve; 1961 – 2005.(Courtesy of Global Footprint Network, 2008 <strong>National</strong> Accounts data. Seehttp://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/)4.1.4.3. Target 4.3: No species of wild flora or fauna endangered by internationaltrade.The following CITES-listed species are known or suspected <strong>to</strong> be in trade in Afghanistan.• jungle cat (Appendix II);• wildcat (Appendix II);• lynx (Appendix II);• common leopard (Appendix I);• leopard cat (Appendix II);• snow leopard (Appendix I);• Pallas Cat (Appendix II);• wolf (Appendix I);• Asiatic black bear (Appendix II);• Eurasian otter (Appendix I);• Marco Polo sheep (Appendix II);• musk deer (Appendix I);• Saker falcon (Appendix I); and• Afghan <strong>to</strong>r<strong>to</strong>ise (appendix II).The country of origin of many specimens is unknown making it difficult <strong>to</strong> estimate <strong>the</strong>effect of harvest for trade on <strong>the</strong> status of species in Afghanistan. It is also difficult <strong>to</strong>estimate volume of export as many specimens are smuggled in<strong>to</strong> neighbouring countrieswithout official documentation. No CITES permitting system is currently in place (Section3.5.2.), so all international trade in <strong>the</strong> above-noted species is illegal.Afghanistan’s <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Convention</strong> on Biological Diversity30 March, 200939
Page 4: Executive SummaryThis report compri
Page 7 and 8: • Write a NBSAP for Afghanistan i
Page 9 and 10: 3.1. AFGHANISTAN’S BIODIVERSITY L
Page 13 and 14: IntroductionIn April 2002,
Page 15 and 16: status in Afghanistan for which we
Page 17 and 18: number of assumptions, as much as h
Page 19 and 20: appears to be a co
Page 21 and 22: declining population for th
Page 23 and 24: The oak forests of Paktiya and Khos
Page 25 and 26: 7. Establish community-based manage
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Page 35 and 36: • Article 41 states that
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Page 41 and 42: • UNFCCC Focal Point NEPA• Ozon
Page 43 and 44: SEA’s mission is protection of <s
Page 45 and 46: Afghanistan is not a Party
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Page 49: Estada, although nobody has reporte
Page 53 and 54: 4.1.8. Goal 8. Maintain capacity of
Page 55 and 56: • SCAPoWPA funding to</st
Page 57 and 58: Convention.4.2. Ev
Page 59 and 60: Literature CitedBai Z.G., Dent D.L.
Page 61 and 62: Morarjee, R. and S. Fidler. 2007. F
Page 63 and 64: UNEP-WCMC. 2009. UNEP-WCMC Species
Page 65 and 66: Process of Preparation of N
Page 67 and 68: Appendix II: furthe</strong
Page 69 and 70: Journal of Biology 19: 269-76.9.
Page 71 and 72: 25. Lapparent, A. F. 1966. Les dép
Page 73 and 74: 22. Finn, F. 1896. List of
Page 75 and 76: Afghanistan. 119-64.64. Nogge, G. 1
Page 78 and 79: Unpubl. rpt.Dasht-i- Nawar1. Breckl
Page 80 and 81: 5. ———. 1973. Reorganization
Page 82 and 83: Sci. Nat. Brun. 12: 1-45.25. Nalban
Page 84 and 85: UenoKyoto: Kyo<str
Page 86 and 87: Scientific Expedition to</s
Page 88 and 89: 28. Habibi, K. "The vertebrate faun
Page 90 and 91: 64. ———. 1966. Zur Ernährung
Page 92 and 93: 100. Tokuda, M. 1966. On a vole and
Page 94 and 95: 22. Schaller, G. B., and A. Kang. 2
Page 96 and 97: 31. ———. 1971. Ist Diarthron
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98. Lapparent, A. F. de. 1962. Obse
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(contributions to
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Afghanistan.Asian Development Bank
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23. Steven C. Anderson, S. C., and
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24. ———. 1968. The wildfowl a
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1.1.5 …complete protected area sy
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1.4.2 Identify appropriate measurab
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As noted in Section 3.3.2., several
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3.1.11 Cooperate with neighbouring
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3.5.1 Establish or strength
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(ii) A preliminary assessment of <s
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Appendix IV: National</stro
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Prionailurus bengalensis Leopard Ca
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Psittacula eupatria Alexandrine Par
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Table 2. Summary of listings for Af
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Table 4. Afghan languages at risk f
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Figure 2. Afghanistan’s major bio
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Figure 4. Status of WWF ecoregions
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Afghanistan's Cons
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Afghanistan's Bioc
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