eNDNOTeSConflict: Report of the Secretary-General, A/66/782–S/2012/261, 26 April 2012,para 37; UNICEF, “UNICEF Democratic Republic of the Congo Monthly SituationReport – 15 February to 18 March 2013,” 18 March 2013; and UN StabilizationMission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) and UN HumanRights Office of the High Commissioner, Report of the UN Joint Human RightsOffice on Human Rights Violations Perpetrated by Soldiers of the CongoleseArmed Forces and Combatants of the M23 in Goma and Sake, North KivuProvince, and in and around Minova, South Kivu Province, from 15 November to2 December 2012, May 2013, para 24.652 UNICEF, “UNICEF Democratic Republic of the Congo Monthly Situation Report– 15 February to 18 March 2013,” 18 March 2013.653 Information provided by Human Rights Watch on 6 November 2013.654 MONUSCO and UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, Report ofthe UN Joint Human Rights Office on Human Rights Violations Perpetrated bySoldiers of the Congolese Armed Forces and Combatants of the M23 in Gomaand Sake, North Kivu Province, and in and around Minova, South Kivu Province,from 15 November to 2 December 2012, May 2013, para 24.655 Ibid.656 UNSC, Letter dated 23 November 2009 from the Chairman of the SecurityCouncil Committee established pursuant to resolution 1533 (2004) concerningthe Democratic Republic of the Congo addressed to the President of the SecurityCouncil, S/2009/603, 23 November 2009, para 327.657 UNSC, Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-General,A/65/820–S/2011/250, 23 April 2011, para 85.658 US Department of State, 2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices –Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, andLabor, 8 April 2011), 44.659 HRW, “DR Congo: Bosco Ntaganda Recruits Children by Force,” 15 May 2012.660 Ibid.661 UNSC, Report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict in theDemocratic Republic of the Congo, S/2010/369, 9 July 2010, para 37.662 “RDC : affrontements entre étudiants et policiers à Kinshasa,” Radio FranceInternational, 13 January 2011.663 Jane Marshall, “DR CONGO: Inquiries into violence after fees hikes,”University World News, Issue No: 77, 8 May 2011.664 “RDC: L’ONU condamne fermement les attaques de groupes armés contre desécoles et hôpitaux,” UN News Centre, 25 September 2013; Save the Children,Attacks on education: The impact of conflict and grave violations on children’sfutures (London: Save the Children, 2013), 13; and Stéphanie Aglietti, “Flashpointcity still on edge after Congo rebel retreat,”Agence France-Presse, 4 September2013.665 Jesuit Refugee Service, “Democratic Republic of Congo: unexplodedordnances in schools, students at risks,” 27 March 2013.666 “Nord-Kivu : élèves et enseignants désertent les écoles à cause du recrutementdes groupes armés à Mpati,” Radio Okapi, 22 January 2013.667 MONUSCO, “Martin Kobler, head of MONUSCO strongly condemns attacks onschools and hospitals,” 25 September 2013.668 UNICEF, “UNICEF Democratic Republic of the Congo – Monthly SituationReport, 15 February - 18 March 2013,” March 2013.669 Ibid., 2.670 MONUSCO, “Martin Kobler, head of MONUSCO strongly condemns attacks onschools and hospitals,” 25 September 2013.671 “RDC: L’ONU condamne fermement les attaques de groupes armés contre desécoles et hôpitaux,” UN News Centre, 25 September 2013.672 Médecins sans frontières, “Democratic Republic of Congo: Violence againstcivilians strongly denounced,” 1 October 2013; and information provided byHuman Rights Watch on 6 November 2013.673 “DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: Clashes between students and police hitprovince,” University World News, Issue No: 106, 16 March 2013; “Mbuji-Mayi:une bagarre entre étudiants et élèves fait 2 blessés,” Radio Okapi, 1 March 2013;“Kasaï-Oriental : la police disperse une manifestation des élèves à Lusambo,”Radio Okapi, 4 March 2013; and “Kasaï-Oriental : 2 morts dans des échauffouréesentre policiers et étudiants à Kabinda,” Radio Okapi, 2 March 2013.674 “DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO Clashes between students and police hitprovince,” University World News, Issue No: 106, 16 March 2013; “Kasaï-Oriental: 2 morts dans des échauffourées entre policiers et étudiants à Kabinda,” RadioOkapi, 2 March 2013.675 This profile covers attacks in the the period 2009-2012, with an additionalsection on 2013.676 “Muslim Brotherhood leader Mohammed Badie held,” BBC News, 20 August2013.677 Fady Ashraf, “Hoda Elsadda: Biggest conflict facing Constituent Assembly isthe violent rivalry in the streets, on TV and the sharp division of society,” DailyNews Egypt; “EU’s Ashton concerned over continuing violence in Egypt,” AhramOnline, 9 October 2013; Mayy El Sheikh and Kareem Fahim, “Dozens are killed instreet violence across Egypt,” New York Times, 6 October 2013; “Tear gas fired atEgyptian Islamist protesters,” BBC News, 29 November 2013; Jon Leyne, “EgyptCrisis Offers No Easy Way Out,” BBC News, 12 December 2012.678 HRW, Reading between the ‘Red Lines’: The Repression of Academic Freedomin Egypt’s Universities (New York: HRW, 9 June 2005).679 Ashraf Khaled, “EGYPT: Minister reinstated amid winds of change,” UniversityWorld News, 27 February 2011.680 UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), “Education (all levels) Profile - Egypt,”UIS Statistics in Brief (2011).681 The World Bank, “School enrollment – secondary (% gross),” The World BankData (2010).682 UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), “Education (all levels) Profile - Egypt,”UIS Statistics in Brief (2011).683 The World Bank, “Literacy rate – Adult, total,” The World Bank Data (2010).684 Security Abort Sectarian Strife in Aswan after a Common Conversion School,”Al Youm Al Saba, 29 February 2012.685 Ibid.686 Sherry El-Gergawi, “Saga of Coptic teacher ‘maliciously’ accused of insultingIslam ends,” Ahram Online, 5 October 2012.687 Zeinab El Gundy, “Angry Lycee’s Students Protest against CSF’s use ofSchool,” Ahram Online, 22 November 2012.688 “Deadly new clashes in Egypt’s Tahrir Square” – Caption 27, The Atlantic, 21November 2013.689 Ursula Lindsey, “Egyptian Scholars Struggle to Protect Country’s History AmidNew Violence,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, 15 January 2012; and “CairoInstitute Burned during Clashes,” The Guardian, 19 December 2011.690 “The Scientific Institute on Fire,” Al Wafd, 18 December 2011.691 “Protestors Arrested on Egypt ‘Day of Anger’,” Google News, 6 April 2009.692 “Egyptians Charge Police Tortured Student,” UPI.com, 4 September 2012.693 HRW, “Egypt: Deadly Clashes at Cairo University,” 5 July 2013.694 Ibid.695 “Egypt troops move in to disperse pro-Morsi protests,” The Telegraph,14 August 2013.226
EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014696 “Egyptian students clash as Mursi turmoil spreads to campuses,” Reuters,29 September 2013.697 Ibid.698 Maggie Fick, “Anti-army protests staged at Egyptian universities,” Reuters,8 October 2013.699 “Riot police arrest students in Cairo clash,” Al Jazeera, 20 October 2013.700 “In pictures: Fire destroys historic downtown school,” Egypt Independent,27 January 2013.701 HRW, “Egypt: Mass Attacks on Churches,” 22 August 2013.702 Ibid.703 “Students detained during school and university protests in Egypt,” EgyptIndependent, 24 September 2013.704 “Egypte: condamnée à payer 20 ans de salaire pour «mépris de l’islam,” RFI,12 June 2013.705 This profile covers attacks in the the period 2009-2012, with an additionalsection on 2013.706 See HRW, Suppressing Dissent: Human Rights Abuses and PoliticalRepression in Ethiopia’s Oromia Region Report (New York: HRW, 10 May 2005), 8,22-5; Lea-Lisa Westerhoff and Abraham Fisseha, “Ethiopian Police Raid Collegesas Student Election Protests Spread,” AFP, 7 June 2005; US Department of State,Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, over the last five years; DaandiiQajeelaa, “Revisiting Oromian Students’ Resistance Against Tyranny: 2006-2010,” Gadaa.com, 11 November 2010; Committee Against Torture, ConcludingObservations of the Committee Against Torture – Ethiopia, CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, 1-19November 2010, para 10; and American Association for the Advancement ofScience (AAAS), “Government Kills 41 Students during Student AcademicFreedom Protests,” AAAS Human Rights Action Network alert, 22 May 2001.707 HRW, World Report 2013: Ethiopia (New York: HRW, 2013); and HRW, OneHundred Ways of Putting Pressure: Violations of Freedom of Expression andAssociation in Ethiopia (New York: HRW, 2010); “Government Kills 41 Studentsduring Student Academic Freedom Protests,” AAAS Human Rights ActionNetwork alert, 22 May 2001; and AAAS, “Professors Arrested in Crackdown afterDemonstrations in Ethiopia,” AAAS Human Rights Action Network alert, 14December 2005.708 Fred van Leeuwen, “Refusal to Register EI’s Member Organisation inEthiopia,” Education International Urgent Action Appeal, 27 May 2009; HRW,One Hundred Ways of Putting Pressure (New York: HRW, 24 March 2010), 43-4;and SchoolWorld TV, Persecuted Teachers, 2008.709 UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), “Education (all levels) Profile -Ethiopia,” UIS Statistics in Brief (2011).710 Yemane Nagish, “Eritrean army attacks school, bus in Badme,” Tigrai Online,18 June 2012.711 US Department of State, 2009 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices –Ethiopia (Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 11 March 2010).712 International Trade Union Confederation, 2012 Annual Survey of Violations ofTrade Union Rights – Ethiopia, 6 June 2012; and US Department of State, 2012Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – Ethiopia (Bureau of Democracy,Human Rights, and Labor, 19 April 2013).713 HRW, Development Without Freedom: How Aid Underwrites Repression inEthiopia (New York: HRW, October 2010), 55-7; and additional informationprovided by Human Rights Watch on 4 November 2013.714 HRW, “Waiting Here for Death”: Displacement and “Villagization” inEthiopia’s Gambella Region (New York: HRW, January 2012), 49; and additionalinformation provided by Human Rights Watch on 4 November 2013.715 HRW, “Ethiopia: Army Commits Torture, Rape,” 28 August 2012.716 Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, Submission to the UNOffice of the High Commissioner for Human Rights - Universal Periodic Review:Ethiopia, April 2009.717 Human Rights League of the Horn of Africa (HRLHA) is a non-political organization(with UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Consultative Status) whichattempts to challenge abuses of human rights of the people of various nationsand nationalities in the Horn of Africa.718 HRLHA, “Ethiopia: Mass Arrests of Oromos in Addis Ababa/Finfinne - PressRelease No. 18,” 4 August 2009.719 Amnesty International, State of the World’s Human Rights Annual Report2012 – Ethiopia (Amnesty International, 2013).720 HRW, “They Want a Confession”: Torture and Ill-Treatment in Maekelawi’sPolice Station (New York: HRW, October 2013), 14, 16, 21, 24, 29.721 Information provided by Human Rights Watch on 4 November 2013.722 US Department of State, 2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices –Ethiopia (Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 8 April 2011); and“Ethiopia: College riot claims life,” The Reporter, 10 January 2010.723 HRLHA, “Peaceful Demonstration Needs Democratic Solution, Not Violence,”5 June 2012.724 HRLHA, “Ethiopia: Beatings, Arrests and Detentions at Addis AbabaUniversity,” HRLHA Urgent Action, 5 January 2013; Salem, “Ethnic Clash AmongAAU 4 Kilo Students Causes Damages,” De Birhan, 3 January 2013; Scholars atRisk, Academic Freedom Monitor, 28 March 2013; and “Police detains over 100students of Arba Minch University,” ESAT News, 17 May 2013.725 HRLHA, “Ethiopia: Beatings, Arrests and Detentions at Addis AbabaUniversity,” HRLHA Urgent Action, 5 January 2013; and Salem, “Ethnic ClashAmong AAU 4 Kilo Students Causes Damages,” De Birhan, 3 January 2013.726 HRLHA, “Ethiopia: Beatings, Arrests and Detentions at Addis AbabaUniversity,” HRLHA Urgent Action, 5 January 2013.727 HRLHA, “Ethiopia: Beatings, Arrests and Detentions at Addis AbabaUniversity,” HRLHA Urgent Action, 5 January 2013; and Salem, “Ethnic ClashAmong AAU 4 Kilo Students Causes Damages,” De Birhan, 3 January 2013.728 “Police detains over 100 students of Arba Minch University,” ESAT News, 17May 2013.729 Scholars at Risk, Academic Freedom Monitor, 28 March 2013.730 Indian Ministry of Home Affairs, “83 Districts in Naxal-Affected StatesIncluded Under SRE Scheme,” Press Information Bureau, Government of India, 9March 2011.731 HRW, Sabotaged Schooling: Naxalite Attacks and Police Occupation ofSchools in India’s Bihar and Jharkhand States (New York: HRW, 9 December2009), 1; HRW, “India: Protect Civilians in Anti-Maoist Drive,” 5 November 2009.732 HRW, Sabotaged Schooling: Naxalite Attacks and Police Occupation ofSchools in India’s Bihar and Jharkhand States (New York: HRW, 9 December2009), 8; HRW, “India: Protect Civilians in Anti-Maoist Drive,” 5 November 2009.733 HRW, Sabotaged Schooling: Naxalite Attacks and Police Occupation ofSchools in India’s Bihar and Jharkhand States (New York: HRW, 9 December2009), 8, 24; HRW, “India: Protect Civilians in Anti-Maoist Drive,” 5 November2009.734 HRW, Sabotaged Schooling: Naxalite Attacks and Police Occupation ofSchools in India’s Bihar and Jharkhand States (New York: HRW, 9 December2009), 6.735 UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), “Education (all levels) Profile - India,”UIS Statistics in Brief (2011).227
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