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PART I — GLOBAL OveRvIeWScale and nature of attacks on educationThousands of targeted attacks on education have been reportedacross dozens of countries and spanning most regions of the worldin the period covered by this study, 2009-2013.The vast majority of these attacks involved either the bombing, shellingor burning of schools or universities, or the killing, injury, kidnapping,abduction or arbitrary arrest of students, teachers and academics. Somewere carried out by armed forces or security forces, others by armednon-state groups or in some cases by armed criminal groups.In addition, education facilities were used as bases, barracks ordetention centres by armed groups and armed forces. Moreover, therewas significant evidence of children being recruited for use ascombatants from schools and some instances of sexual violence bymilitary forces and armed groups against students and teachers.41