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PALEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY PAPERS, V. 8, 2002SCHINDEL, D. E., G. J. VERMEIJ, AND E. ZIPSER. 1982. Frequencies of repaired shell fractures among the Pennsylvaniangastropods of north-central Texas. Journal of Paleontology, 56:729–740.SCHRAM, F. R. 1977. Palaeozoogeography of Late Paleozoic and Triassic Malacostraca. Systematic Zoology,26:367–379.SCHRAM, F. R. 1982. The fossil record and evolution of the Crustacea, p. 93–147. In L. G. Abele (ed.), The Biologyof the Crustacea: Systematics, the Fossil Record, and Biogeography. Academic Press, Inc., New York.SCHRAM, F. R. 1984. Upper Pennsylvanian arthropods from black shales of Iowa and Nebraska. Journal ofPaleontology, 58:197–209.SELDEN, P. A. 1984. Autecology of Silurian eurypterids. In M. G. Bassett and J. D. Lawson (eds.), Autecology ofSilurian Organisms. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 32:39–54SELDEN, P. A. 1992. Biomechanics, p. 322–326. In D. E. G. Briggs and P. R. Crowther (eds.), Palaeobiology: ASynthesis. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.SHEEHAN, P. M., AND P. J. LESPERANCE. 1978. Effect of predation on population dynamics of a Devonian brachiopod.Journal of Paleontology, 52:812–817.SIGNOR, P. W., III, AND C. E. BRETT. 1984. The mid-Paleozoic precursor to the Mesozoic marine revolution.Paleobiology, 10:229–245.SLITER, W. V. 1971. Predation on benthic foraminifers. Journal of Foraminferal Research, 1:20–29.SMITH, S. A., C. W. THAYER, AND C. E. BRETT. 1985. Predation in the Paleozoic: gastropod-like drill holes inDevonian brachiopods. Science, 230:1033–1037.SPENCER, W. K., AND C. W. WRIGHT. 1966. Asterozoans, p. U1–U157. In R. C. Moore (ed.), Treatise on InvertebratePaleontology, Pt. U. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.SPRINKLE, J. 1973. Morphology and Evolution of blastozoan echinoderms. Museum of Comparative Zoology,Harvard University Publication, 284.STANLEY, S. M. 1970. Relation of shell form to life habits of the Bivalvia (Mollusca). Memoir of the GeologicalSociety of America, 125:1–296.STANLEY, S. M. 1977. Rates, trends, and patterns of evolution in the Bivalvia, p. 209–250. In A. Hallam (ed.),Patterns of Evolution as Illustrated by the Fossil Record. Elsevier, Amsterdam.STENSIÖ, E. 1969. Les cyclostomes fossiles ou ostracodermes, p. 71–692. In J. Piveteau (ed.), Traité desPaléontologie 4. Masson, Paris.TASCH, P. 1980. Paleobiology of the Invertebrates: Data Retrieval from the Fossil Record. John Wiley, New York, 975 p.THAYER, C. W. 1983. Sediment-mediated biological disturbance and the evolution of the marine benthos, p. 479–595. In M. J. S. Tevesz and P. J. McCall (eds.), Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities.Plenum Press, New York.VERMEIJ, G. J. 1977. The Mesozoic marine revolution: Evidence from snails, predators, and grazers. Paleobiology,3:245–258.VERMEIJ, G. J. 1983. Shell breaking predation through time, p. 649–669. In M. J. S. Tevesz and P. L. McCall(eds.), Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities. Plenum Press, New York.VERMEIJ, G. J. 1987. Evolution and Escalation. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 527 p.VERMEIJ, G. J. 1995. Economics, volcanoes, and Phanerozoic revolutions. Paleobiology, 21:125–152.VERMEIJ, G. J., D. E. SCHINDEL, AND E. ZIPSER. 1981. Predation through geological time: Evidence from gastropodshell repair. Science, 214(27):1024–1026.WATERS, J. W., AND C. MAPLES. 1991. Mississippian pelmatozoan community reorganization: A predation-mediatedfaunal change. Paleobiology, 17:400–410.WILLIAMS, M. E. 1990. Feeding behavior in Cleveland Shale fishes, p. 273–287. In A. J. Boucot, EvolutionaryPaleobiology of Behavior and Coevolution. Elsevier, Amsterdam.ZANGERL, R. 1981. Chondrichthyes, 1: Paleozoic elasmobranches. Handbook of Paleoichthyology, 3A:1–115.ZANGERL, R., AND E. RICHARDSON. 1963. Paleoecological history of two Pennsylvanian black shales. FieldianaGeological Memoir, 4, 352 p.ZANGERL, R., B. G. WOODLAND, E. S. RICHARDSON, AND D. L. ZACHRY. 1969. Early diagenetic phenomena in theFayetteville Black Shale (Mississippian) in Arkansas. Sedimentary Geology, 3:87–120.118
WALKER AND BRETT—POST-PALEOZOIC PATTERNS IN MARINE PREDATIONPOST-PALEOZOIC PATTERNS IN MARINE PREDATION:WAS THERE A MESOZOIC AND CENOZOIC MARINEPREDATORY REVOLUTION?SALLY E. WALKER 1 AND CARLTON E. BRETT 21Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 USA2Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0013 USAABSTRACT—Mesozoic and Cenozoic evolution of predators involved a series of episodes. Predators reboundedrather rapidly after the Permo-Triassic extinction and by the Middle Triassic a variety of new predator guildshad appeared, including decapod crustaceans with crushing claws, shell-crushing sharks and bony fish, as wellas marine reptiles adapted for crushing, smashing, and piercing shells. While several groups (e.g., placodonts,nothosaurs) became extinct in the Late Triassic crises, others (e.g., ichthyosaurs) survived; and the Jurassic toEarly Cretaceous saw the rise of malacostracan crustaceans with crushing chelae and predatory vertebrates—inparticular, the marine crocodilians, ichthyosaurs, and plesiosaurs. The late Cretaceous saw unprecedented levels ofdiversity of marine predaceous vertebrates including pliosaurids, plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs. The great Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction decimated marine reptiles. However, most invertebrate and fish predatory groups survived; andduring the Paleogene, predatory benthic invertebrates showed a spurt of evolution with neogastropods and newgroups of decapods, while the teleosts and neoselachian sharks both underwent parallel rapid evolutionary radiations;these were joined by new predatory guilds of sea birds and marine mammals. Thus, although escalation is sometimescast as an ongoing “arms race,” in actuality the predatory record shows long interludes of relative stabilitypuncturated by episodes of abrupt biotic reorganization during and after mass extinctions. This pattern suggestsepisodic, but generally increasing, predation pressure on marine organisms through the Mesozoic-Cenozoicinterval. However, review of the Cenozoic record of predation suggests that there are not unambiguous escalatorytrends in regard to antipredatory shell architecture, such as conchiolin and spines; nor do shell drilling and shellrepair data show a major increase from the Late Mesozoic through the Cenozoic. Most durophagous groups aregeneralists, and thus it may be that they had a diffuse effect on their invertebrate prey.“As evolutionists, we are charged, almost bydefinition, to regard historical pathways as theessence of our subject. We cannot be indifferent tothe fact that similar results can arise by differenthistorical routes.” —Gould and Vrba, 1982“This is not to say that selection is notimportant, but that its invocation is not justifieduntil the role of chance in the operation of abasically stochastic universe is ruled out.”—Schram, 1986“A science grows only as it is willing toquestion its assumptions and expand itsapproaches.” —Hickman, 1980INTRODUCTIONTHE CONCEPT OF predator-prey escalationis, in large measure, an outgrowth of the extensivestudies of Vermeij (1977, 1987) on the so-called“Mesozoic Marine Revolution.” This term mightseem to imply that a dramatic development ofmarine predators was initiated at the Triassic; acontinuous intensification of predator-preyrelationships has been envisaged. In actuality, theMesozoic and Cenozoic evolution of predatorsinvolved a series of episodes. In this paper wedocument the diverse predatory guilds of theMesozoic and Cenozoic, especially vertebrates thatputatively devoured invertebrate prey, withcomments on their modes of feeding and possible119
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AuthorsRICHARD K. BAMBACHBotanical
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THE FOSSIL RECORD OF PREDATIONMicha
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INTRODUCTIONTHE FOSSIL RECORD OF PR
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