View - Kowalewski, M. - Virginia Tech

More documents

Recommendations

Info

PALEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY PAPERS, V. 8, 2002SCHMIDT, N. 1989. Paleobiological implications of shell repair in Recent marine gastropods from the northernGulf of California. Historical Biology, 3:127–139.SHOUP, J. B. 1968. Shell opening by crabs of the genus Calappa. Science, 160:887–888.SLATKIN, M., AND J. MAYNARD SMITH. 1979. Models of Coevolution. Quarterly Review of Biology, 54:233–263.SLOBODKIN, L. B. 1974. Prudent predation does not require group selection. American Naturalist, 108:665–678.SMITH, L. D., AND A. R. PALMER. 1994. Effects of manipulated diet on size and performance of brachyuran crabclaws. Science, 264:710–712.SMITH, L. D., AND J. A. JENNINGS. 2000. Induced defensive responses by the bivalve Mytilus edulis to predatorswith different attack modes. Marine Biology, 136:461–469.STANLEY, S. M., B. VAN VALKENBURGH, AND R. S. STENECK. 1983. Coevolution and the fossil record, p. 328–349. InD. J. Futuyma and M. Slatkin (eds.), Coevolution. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.STENSETH, N. C., AND J. MAYNARD SMITH. 1984. Coevolution in ecosystems: Red Queen evolution or stasis?Evolution, 38:870–880.THOMPSON, J. N. 1986. Constraints on arms races in coevolution. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 1:105–107.THOMPSON, J. N. 1988. Variation in interspecific interactions. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 19:65–87.THOMPSON, J. N. 1994. The coevolutionary process. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.THOMPSON, J. N. 1998. Rapid evolution as an ecological process. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 13:329–332.THOMPSON, J. N. 1999a. Specific hypotheses on the geographic mosaic of coevolution. American Naturalist, 153:S1–S14.THOMPSON, J. N. 1999b. Coevolution and escalation: are ongoing coevolutionary meanderings important? AmericanNaturalist, 153:S92–S93.TRAVIS, J. 1994. Evaluating the adaptive role of morphological plasticity, p. 99–122. In P. C. Wainwright and S. M.Reilly (eds.), Ecological Morphology: Integrative Organismal Biology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.TRUSSELL, G. C. 1996. Phenotypic plasticity in an intertidal snail: the role of a common crab predator. Evolution,50:448–454.TRUSSELL, G. C. 2000. Phenotypic clines, plasticity, and morphological trade-offs in an intertidal snail. Evolution,54:151–166.VAN VALEN, L. 1973. A new evolutionary law. Evolutionary Theory, 1:1–18.VAN VALEN, L. 1976. Energy and evolution. Evolutionary Theory, 1:179–229.VERMEIJ, G. J. 1973. Adaptation, versatility, and evolution. Systematic Zoology, 22:466–477.VERMEIJ, G. J. 1978. Biogeography and Adaptation: Patterns of Marine Life. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 332p.VERMEIJ, G. J. 1980. Drilling predation of bivalves in Guam: some paleoecological implications. Malacologia, 19:329–334.VERMEIJ, G. J. 1982a. Gastropod shell form, breakage, and repair in relation to predation by the crab Calappa.Malacologia, 23:1–12.VERMEIJ, G. J. 1982b. Unsuccessful predation and evolution. American Naturalist, 120:701–720.VERMEIJ, G. J. 1983. Intimate associations and coevolution in the sea, p. 311–327. In D. J. Futuyma and M.Slatkin (eds.), Coevolution. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.VERMEIJ, G. J. 1987. Evolution and Escalation: An Ecological History of Life. Princeton University Press,Princeton, NJ, 527p.VERMEIJ, G. J. 1992. Time of origin and biogeographical history of specialized relationships between northernmarine plants and herbivorous mollucs. Evolution, 46:657–664.VERMEIJ, G. J. 1994. The evolutionary interaction among species: selection, escalation, and coevolution. AnnualReview of Ecology and Systematics, 25:219–236.VERMEIJ, G. J. 1999. Inequality and the directionality of history. American Naturalist, 153:243–253.VERMEIJ, G. J. 2002. Evolution in the consumer age: predators and the history of life. In M. <strong>Kowalewski</strong> and P. H.Kelley (eds), The Fossil Record of Predation. The Paleontological Society Papers, 8 (this volume).VERMEIJ, G. J., AND A. P. COVICH. 1978. Coevolution of freshwater gastropods and their predators. AmericanNaturalist, 112:833–843.VIRNSTEIN, R. W. 1977. The importance of predation by crabs and fishes on benthic infauna in Chesapeake Bay.Ecology, 58:1199–1217.WEST, K., A. COHEN, AND M. BARON. 1991. Morphology and behavior of crabs and gastropods from LakeTanganyika, Africa: implications for lacustrine predator-prey coevolution. Evolution, 45:589–607.374
VERMEIJ—EVOLUTION IN THE CONSUMER AGEEVOLUTION IN THE CONSUMER AGE:PREDATORS AND THE HISTORY OF LIFEGEERAT J. VERMEIJDepartment of Geology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USAABSTRACT—Three properties of predation make this form of consumption an important agency of evolution:universality (all species have predators), high frequency (encounters of prey with predators test both parties often),and imperfection (many predatory attacks fail, enabling antipredatory selection to take place). On long time scales,predators have two principal effects: they influence their victims’ phenotypes, and prey species that are highlyvulnerable to all phases of predatory attacks are evolutionarily restricted to environments where predators arerarely encountered. Although predator and prey can affect each other’s behavior and morphology on timescalescommensurate with individual lifespans, predators have the evolutionary upper hand over the long run, especiallyin the expression of sensory capacities, locomotor performance, and the application of force. Only in passive defenses(armor, toxicity, large body size) does escalation favor the prey. In a review of methods for inferring predation in thegeological past, I argue against the use of whole assemblages, which combine species of contrasting adaptive type.Instead, I strongly favor species-level and clade-level approaches (including examples of clade replacement) inwhich comparisons among places and among time intervals are made within the same adaptive types and the samephysical environments. The available evidence, much of which comes from studies of shell drilling and shell breakage,points to temporal increases in both predator power and prey defenses. Escalation between species and their enemies,including predators, has proceeded episodically against a backdrop of generally increasing productivity andincreasing top-down evolutionary control by high-energy predators during the Phanerozoic, the consumer age.INTRODUCTIONCONSUMPTION OF ONE organism byanother is a universal phenomenon in all livingecosystems. Herbivory (eating plants), predation(a large animal or sometimes a plant consumingpart or the whole of another animal), and parasitism(a small animal, fungus, microbe, or plant drawingnutrients from another organism) are differentmanifestations of this phenomenon. Consumptionis itself a special case of competition for food, orchemical energy. Competition in this broadest senseis the central process common to all economicsystems, and has been with us since the origin oflife. Consumption is a derived form of competition.Parasitism could be a very ancient form ofconsumption, whereas herbivory and predationhave become prominent only during the last 600to 700 million years, the interval encompassing thelatest Proterozoic to the Recent, a phase inecological history we may call the consumer age.These forms of consumption have played animportant role in evolution. They represent a typeof top-down evolutionary control that hasprofoundly affected the phenotypes anddistribution of all species, a control that has likelyintensified through time.In this chapter, I first summarize whyconsumption in general, and predation inparticular, should have such a far-reachinginfluence on evolution and in the history of life.Second, I review and evaluate the kinds ofevidence that are available about predation in thefossil record. Third, I discuss briefly the temporaltrends in predation and what these trends implyabout the history of ecosystems and theirconstituent species. Along the way, I suggestavenues for further research, concentratingespecially on better temporal resolution ofevolutionarily important predation-relatedinnovations and on temporal studies of lineagesand clades in physically similar habitats.375
Page 1:
THE PALEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETYPAPERSVo
Page 4 and 5:
The Paleontological Society Special
Page 6 and 7:
AuthorsRICHARD K. BAMBACHBotanical
Page 9 and 10:
THE FOSSIL RECORD OF PREDATIONMicha
Page 13 and 14:
INTRODUCTIONTHE FOSSIL RECORD OF PR
Page 15:
KOWALEWSKI—ANALYTICAL METHODSTHE
Page 18 and 19:
PALEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY PAPERS, V.
Page 20 and 21:
Page 22 and 23:
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
Page 226 and 227:
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Page 232 and 233:
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302 and 303:
Page 304 and 305:
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
Page 310 and 311:
Page 312 and 313:
Page 314 and 315:
Page 316 and 317:
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337: PALEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY PAPERS, V.
Page 412: THE PALEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY PAPERSP
show all

View - Kowalewski, M. - Virginia Tech

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?