View - Kowalewski, M. - Virginia Tech

More documents

Recommendations

Info

PALEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY PAPERS, V. 8, 2002TABLE 5—Trophic structure changes across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary to the Eocene in pelagicand benthic ecosystems.Pelagic EcosystemsLatest Cretaceous Earliest Paleocene EoceneLarge reptilesFish, cephalopodsZooplankton (diverseforaminifera, radiolaria,tintinnids, crustaceans,mollusks, etc.)CetaceansFish, cephalopods? Zooplankton (diverseforaminifera, radiolaria,tintinnids, crustaceans,mollusks, etc.)Microherbivores (diverseforaminifera, radiolaria,tintinnids, etc.)Protist phytoplankton(diverse coccolithophorids,diatoms, silicoflagellates, etc.)Prokaryotes includingcyanobacteriaMicroherbivores (few speciesof foraminifera, etc.)Protist phytoplankton (fewspecies ofcoccolithophorids, etc.)Prokaryotes includingcyanobacteriaMicroherbivores (diverseforaminifera, radiolaria,tintinnids, etc.)Protist phytoplankton (diversecoccolithophorids, diatoms,silicoflagellates, etc.)Prokaryotes includingcyanobacteriaBenthic EcosystemsLatest Cretaceous Earliest Paleocene EoceneMacrocarnivores (fish, mollusks,echinoderms, etc.)Microcarnivores (diverseforaminifera, crustaceans,mollusks, etc.)Microherbivores (diverseforaminifera, tinymollusks, etc.)Algal-foraminiferal andinvertebrate endosymbiosesProtist primary producers(diatoms, flagellates, etc.)Prokaryotes includingcyanobacteriaMicrocarnivoresMicroherbivores (foraminifera,mollusks, echinoderms, etc.)Protist primary producers(naked forms, etc.)Prokaryotes includingcyanobacteriaMacrocarnivores (fish,mollusks, echinoderms, etc.)Microcarnivores (diverseforaminifera, crustaceans,mollusks, etc.)Microherbivores (diverseforaminifera, mollusks,echinoderms, etc.)Algal-foraminiferal andinvertebrate endosymbioses.Protist phytoplankton (diversediatoms, flagellates, etc.)Prokaryotes includingcyanobacteria86
LIPPS AND CULVER—TROPHIC ROLE OF MARINE MICROORGANISMSthe trophic structures in mass-extinctiontransitions are required, with special emphasis onthe preserved primary producers, including theacritarchs, calcareous nannoplankton, anddiatoms. The microherbivore and carnivorerecords should be examined as indicators of thenature of primary production. Whether or notdeclining primary production was intimatelyinvolved in the overall extinction dynamics, thephysical oceanographic mechanisms influencingprimary productivity may have differed in eachextinction event. Some of these mechanisms mayhave included asteroid impacts, changingoceanographic circulation, and changing degreeof oceanic heterogeneity as controlled by densitystratification. The patterns in Phanerozoicextinctions seem sufficiently consistent thatregardless of physical causes, trophic dynamicswere affected severely.IMPLICATIONS FORCONSERVATION BIOLOGYImportant for the conservation of marinebiodiversity, but commonly overlooked, is themaintenance of the trophic mechanisms andstructures without which these diverse assemblagescould not function. These structures took four billionyears to evolve, and climatic and oceanographicchanges—or a few human misjudgments—coulddamage them considerably. The fossil record andmodern marine ecology demonstrate the importanceof prokaryotes and protists in the trophic interactionsthat energize all marine ecosystems. Microfossiltrophic analyses have much to contribute to ourunderstanding of trophic dynamics and where thesesystems are most vulnerable. Modern ecologicalstudies are severely constrained by a lack ofhistorical perspective; experiments cannot bedesigned long enough to record the consequencesof events occurring on ecologic scales.Paleontologists must provide that perspective withdetailed studies of their own to complement andstrengthen ecologic work.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSJHL thanks J. Valentine, C. Blank, B.Waggoner, M. Fedonkin, A. Rozanov, A. Ivantsov,and J. Gehling for discussion of the Precambrianand Cambrian bacterial and metazoan biotas, andW. Hamner and L. Gershwin for information aboutmodern cnidarians. He also thanks the UC GumpResearch Station on Moorea and its ResearchDirector Dr. Neil Davis for the facilities to makethe study of tropical microbial mats possible; andthe Geological Natural Reserve of Haute-Provenceand M. Guiomar for permission to examine fossilsthere. SJC thanks D. Merritt, M. Buzas, F. Banner,J. Wallace, D. Stewart, and C. Smith for assistanceand support. JHL and SJC are indebted to D. Haigfor organizing an amazing week-long field tripduring Forams2002 to study microbial mats andstromatolites in Western Australia. Researchunderpinning much of this summary was supportedby grants NSF EAR 85-09301 to JHL, NSF EAR9317247 and NSF EAR 9814845 to J. Valentineand JHL. SJC thanks the USGS for funding theNorth Carolina Coastal Geology Cooperativeresearch program at ECU. Permission to undertakeresearch on the Outer Banks’ Pea Island NationalWildlife Refuge is gratefully acknowledged. Thisis UC Museum of Paleontology Contribution 1787and UC Gump Research Station Contribution 96.REFERENCESALTENBACH, A. V., U. PFLAUMANN, R. SCHIEBEL, A. THIES, S. TIMM, AND M. TRAUTH. 1999. Scaling percentages and distributionalpatterns of benthic foraminifera with flux rates of organic carbon. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 29:173–185.ANDERS, E. 1989. Prebiotic organic matter from comets and asteroids. Nature, 342:255–257.ANDERSON, O. R. 1993. The trophic role of planktonic foraminifera and radiolaria. Marine Microbial Food Webs, 7:31–51.AWRAMIK, S. M. 1971. Precambrian columnar stromatolite diversity: reflection of metazoan appearance. Science,174:825–827.87
Page 1:
THE PALEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETYPAPERSVo
Page 4 and 5:
The Paleontological Society Special
Page 6 and 7:
AuthorsRICHARD K. BAMBACHBotanical
Page 9 and 10:
THE FOSSIL RECORD OF PREDATIONMicha
Page 13 and 14:
INTRODUCTIONTHE FOSSIL RECORD OF PR
Page 15:
KOWALEWSKI—ANALYTICAL METHODSTHE
Page 18 and 19:
PALEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY PAPERS, V.
Page 20 and 21:
Page 22 and 23:
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49: PALEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY PAPERS, V.
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
Page 226 and 227:
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Page 232 and 233:
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302 and 303:
Page 304 and 305:
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
Page 310 and 311:
Page 312 and 313:
Page 314 and 315:
Page 316 and 317:
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
Page 350 and 351:
Page 352 and 353:
Page 354 and 355:
Page 356 and 357:
Page 358 and 359:
Page 360 and 361:
Page 362 and 363:
Page 364 and 365:
Page 366 and 367:
Page 368 and 369:
Page 370 and 371:
Page 372 and 373:
Page 374 and 375:
Page 376 and 377:
Page 378 and 379:
Page 380 and 381:
Page 382 and 383:
Page 384 and 385:
Page 386 and 387:
Page 388 and 389:
Page 390 and 391:
Page 392 and 393:
Page 394 and 395:
Page 396 and 397:
Page 398 and 399:
Page 400 and 401:
Page 402 and 403:
Page 404 and 405:
Page 406 and 407:
Page 408 and 409:
Page 410 and 411:
Page 412:
THE PALEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY PAPERSP
show all

View - Kowalewski, M. - Virginia Tech

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?