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PALEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY PAPERS, V. 8, 2002but increasingly also on larger continents and in theoceans. An important question for future researchersis whether or how the exercise of top-down controlby high-energy consumers has modified ecosystemsand affected the extinction of species.On the other hand, high-level consumers mayalso be responsible for selection favoring highproductivity among primary producers (landplants and phytoplankton, and attachedseaweeds). By this means, they have increasedsupply not only for themselves, but also for otherspecies, both in the habitats where the consumersoccur and in the many marginal habitats that arenutritionally subsidized by export from the centersof photosynthesis. Again, this hypothesizedgrowth-enhancing role of consumers—which, fromthe modest inception of phagocytosis in theArchean, would have become increasinglyprominent through the Phanerozoic—deservesthorough scrutiny from paleontologists andecologists interested in the reconstruction ofancient ecosystems.REFERENCESABLER, W. L. 1992. The serrated teeth of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs, and biting structures in other animals.Paleobiology, 18:161–183.AGRAWAL, A. A. 2001. Phenotypic plasticity in the interactions and evolution of species. Science, 294:321–326.ALEXANDER, R. R. 1986. Frequency of sublethal shell-breakage in articulate brachiopod assemblages throughgeologic time, p. 159–166. In P. R. Racheboeuf and C. C. Emig (eds.), Biostratigraphie du Paléozoïque 4,Les Brachiopodes fossiles et actuels.ALEXANDER, R. R. 1990. Mechanical strength of shells of selected extant articulate brachiopods: implications forPaleozoic morphologic trends. Historical Biology, 3:169–188.ALEXANDER, R. R., AND G. P. DIETL. 2001. Latitudinal trends in naticid predation on Anadara ovalis (Bruguière,1789) and Divalinga quadrisulcata (Orbigny, 1842) from New Jersey to the Florida Keys. AmericanMalacological Bulletin, 16:179–194.ALLMON, W. D. 1996. Systematics and evolution of Cenozoic American Turritellidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda), I:Paleocene and Eocene coastal plain species related to “Turritella mortoni Conrad” and “Turritella humerosaConrad.” Palaeontographica Americana, 59:7–134.ALLMON, W. D., J. C. NIEH, AND R. D. NORRIS. 1990. Drilling and peeling of turritelline gastropods since the lateCretaceous. Palaeontology, 33:595–611.AMBROSE, S. H. 2001. Paleolithic technology and human evolution. Science, 291:1748–1753.APPLETON, R. D., AND A. R. PALMER. 1988. Water-borne stimuli released by predatory crabs and damaged preyinduce more predator-resistant shells in a marine gastropod. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciencesof the United States of America, 85:4387–4391.BABCOCK, L. E., AND R. A. ROBISON. 1989. Preferences of Palaeozoic predators. Nature, 337:695–696.BAKKER, R. T. 1983. The deer flees, the wolf pursues: incongruencies in predator-prey coevolution, p. 350–382.In D. J. Futuyma and M. Slatkin (eds.), Coevolution. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.BALUK, W., AND A. RADWANSKI. 1996. Stomatopod predation upon gastropods from the Korytnica basin, and fromother classical Miocene localities in Europe. Acta Geologica Polonica, 76:279–304.BAMBACH, R. K. 1993. Seafood through time: changes in biomass, energetics, and productivity in the marineecosystem. Paleobiology, 19:372–397.BAMBACH, R. K. 1999. Energetics in the global marine fauna: a connection between terrestrial diversification andchange in the marine biosphere. Géobios, 32:131–144.BAMBACH, R. K. 2002. Supporting predators: Changes in the global ecosystem inferred from changes in predatordiversity. In M. <strong>Kowalewski</strong> and P. H. Kelley (eds.), The Fossil Record of Predation, Paleontological SocietySpecial Papers, 8 (this volume).BAUMILLER, T. K. 1990. Non-predatory drilling of Mississippian crinoids by platyceratid gastropods. Palaeontology,33:743–748.388

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