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View - Kowalewski, M. - Virginia Tech

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PALEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY PAPERS, V. 8, 2002the long run, especially in the expression of sensorycapacities, locomotor performance, and theapplication of force; and only in passive defenses(armor, toxicity, large body size) does escalationfavor the prey (Vermeij). The evidence provided bythe fossil record points to increases over time in bothpredator power and prey defenses. These escalatoryincreases have proceeded episodically (Brett andWalker; Walker and Brett; Vermeij) against abackdrop of generally increasing productivity(Bambach) and increasing top-down evolutionarycontrol by high-energy predators (Vermeij).MICHAL KOWALEWSKI, PATRICIA H. KELLEY, RICHARD K. BAMBACH, TOMASZ K. BAUMILLER, STEFANBENGTSON, CARLTON E. BRETT, KAREN CHIN, STEPHEN J. CULVER, GREGORY P. DIETL, JAMES O.FARLOW, FOREST J. GAHN, GARY HAYNES, THOMAS R. HOLTZ, JR., IAN JENKINS, CONRAD C.LABANDEIRA, JERE H. LIPPS, BLAIRE VAN VALKENBURGH, GEERAT J. VERMEIJ, AND SALLY E. WALKER398

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