diseases of the digestive organs.

DT«FACES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 153muscular and erectile bleeding tissue just beneath the anus is especiallyan operation of extreme delicacy and difficulty. Drawingoff the liquid through the tube of an aspirator is another possibleresort for the professional man. The delicate needle of the aspiratoris inserted in such cases through the floorof the vagina and upperwall of the bladder in the female, or through the floorof the rectum(last gut) and roof of the bladder in the male, or finally through thelower and back part of the abdominal wall, just in front of the bones ofthe pelvis (pubic bones), and thence through the lower and anterior partof the bladder near its blind anterior end. After relief has been obtainedthe administration of belladonna in 2 dram doses daily for severaldays will tend to prevent a recurrence of the retention.When the body of the bladder has become benumbed or paralyzed byoverdistention, we may seek to restore its tone by doses-of one-half adram of powdered nux vomica repeated daily, and by mustard plastersapplied over the loins, on the back part of the belly interiorly, or betweenthe thighs. Small doses (2 drams) balsam of copaiva are sometimesuseful in imparting tone to the partly paralyzed organ.INCONTINENCE OF URINE—PALSY OF THE NECK OF THE BLADDER.This may occur from disease or injury to the posterior part ofthe spinal cord, or from broken back, and in these cases the tail islikely to be paralyzed, and it may be also the hind limbs. In this casethe urine dribbles away constantly, and the oiled hand in the vaginaor rectum will feel the half-filled and flaccidbladder beneath, and mayeasily empty it by pressure.Treatment is only successful when the cause of the trouble can beremedied. After these (sprains of the back, etc.) have recovered,blisters (mustard) on the loins, the lower part of the abdomen, or betweenthe thighs, may be resorted to with success. Two drams dailyof copaiva, or of solid extract of belladonna, or two grains Spanish fliesmay serve to restore the lost tone. These failing, the use of electriccurrents may still prove successful.URINARY CALCULI—STONE—GRAVEL.[Plate xi, Figs, 1, 2,3.]Stone or gravel consists in hard bodies mainly made up of the solidearthy constituents of the urine which have crystallized out of thatliquid at some part of the urinary passage, and have remained as smallparticles (gravel), or have concreted into large masses (stone, calculus).In cattle it is no uncommon thing to find them distending the practicallymicroscopic tubes in the red substance of the kidney, having beendeposited from the urine in the solid form almost as soon as that liquidhas been separated from the blood. These stones appear as white objectson the red ground formed by cutting sections of the kidney, andare essentially products of the dry feed of winter, and most common in