Scope of Payment for Ecosystem Services Mechanism for ... - icimod

I. Vegetation ........................................................................................................... 20II. Wildlife ................................................................................................................ 20CHAPTER 4 ...................................................................................................................... 234 MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................... 234.1 Methodological Framework ................................................................................ 234.2 Data Collection for Research .............................................................................. 24A. Primary Data ....................................................................................................... 24B. Secondary data .................................................................................................... 254.2.1 Data analysis ................................................................................................ 254.3 Methods of Data Preparation ............................................................................... 25CHAPTER 5 ...................................................................................................................... 275 RESULTS ................................................................................................................... 275.1 Ecosystem services .............................................................................................. 275.2 Forest cover and land use change ........................................................................ 275.2.1 Forest Cover ................................................................................................. 275.2.2 Land use change ........................................................................................... 285.3 Water Services ..................................................................................................... 295.4 Water status ......................................................................................................... 315.4.1 Water Source ................................................................................................ 31Perception of upstream people ................................................................................... 315.4.2 Availability of Water ................................................................................... 315.4.3 Water Demand ............................................................................................. 325.4.4 Water supply ................................................................................................ 335.4.5 Water quality ................................................................................................ 345.5 Problems related to the water scarcity in Bhaktapur Municipality ..................... 345.5.1 Possible solutions to decrease water scarcity ............................................... 355.6 Potential of PES scheme to improve the Water Services .................................... 36CHAPTER 6 ...................................................................................................................... 396 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................. 396.1 Potential of PES schemes .................................................................................... 396.2 Water Management ............................................................................................. 406.3 General discussion ............................................................................................... 41CHAPTER 7 ...................................................................................................................... 43x