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Ashad(Jun- Jul)Shrawan(Jul- Aug)Bhado(Aug-Sept)Ashwin(Sept-Oct)Kartik(Oct-Nov)Mangshir(Nov-Dec)Poush(Dec-Jan)Magh(Jan-Feb)Falgun(Feb- Mar)Chaitra(Mar-Apr)Baishak(Apr- May)Jestha(May - Jun)Water in Million Liters5.4 Water statusWater status in the watershed is determined by the following aspects: Waters sources andavailability, water demand and supply system and water quality.5.4.1 Water SourcePerception of upstream peopleGenerally, drinking water supply facility is available to all settlements in upstream area.The water supply schemes generally use spring sources located at higher altitudes. Thewater is conveyed through pipes from source to public taps (stone spout) through gravityflow. In recent years, many private taps have been installed with much water divertedfrom the springs.Perception of downstream peopleThe water supply system generally uses river water some deep bore water. Due toinsufficient water, some downstream households buy water in tankers and collect rainwater during water deficit seasons.5.4.2 Availability of WaterWater availability is specific to surface water yields of major source in the watershed, i.e.Mahadev Khola. KUKL, Bhaktapur do not keep any records of water flow in the river.The monthly data of the fiscal year 2009/10 and 2010/11 and the information from theKUKL officer is used for the estimation of the water withdrawal in the watershed.140120100806040200Surface waterEstimated waterwithdrawal2009/10Figure 5.4.2.1: Surface water flow and estimated water withdrawal in fiscal year 2009/1031
Ashad(Jun- Jul)Shrawan(Jul- Aug)Bhado(Aug-Sept)Ashwin(Sept-Oct)Kartik(Oct-Nov)Mangshir(Nov-Dec)Poush(Dec-Jan)Magh(Jan-Feb)Falgun(Feb- Mar)Chaitra(Mar-Apr)Baishak(Apr- May)Jestha(May - Jun)Water in Million Liters160140120100806040200Surface waterEstimated waterwithdrawal2010/11Figure 5.4.2.2: Surface water flow and estimated water withdrawal in fiscal year 2010/11Monsoon in Nepal starts in May-June (Jestha) and ends in August-September (Aswin).The period from end of May to September is referred to as the wet season and remainingmonths as dry season. According to KUKL officials, about 30% of annual waterwithdrawn from Mahadev Khola is withdrawn in wet season and 80% in dry season. Inthe fiscal year 2009/10 the total discharge in Mahadev Khola was estimated to be 731 MLand about 402 ML was withdrawn for distribution in the municipality. In 2010/11 theriver discharge was estimated to be 1009 ML and estimated 575 ML was withdrawn. Aslight peaking of increased river discharge and withdrawal in the months of Poush(December-January) to Falgun (January-February) is normally due to a small amount ofwinter rain.5.4.3 Water DemandAccording to KUKL officials, the demand for water in the municipality stands at 8 ML/d.Perception of upstream peopleDespite of eruption of new springs, drinking water is still the problem in the upstream.Topography and climate also play an important role in availability of water. Daily waterneed of a household is approximately 20 gagris (240 liters or 0.00024 ML per day).Perception of downstream peopleThe water supplied by KUKL is not sufficient for downstream users. Water supply isadequate only in Ward 4 (Kamal Binayak Mandir Parisar Sudhar Samiti); whereas thereis serious water scarcity problem in Ward 10 and 5 (Canteen workers of Khwopa College)32
Page 7: AcknowledgementsI extend my first a
Page 11 and 12: I. Vegetation .....................
Page 13 and 14: List of FiguresFigure 4.1: Methodol
Page 15 and 16: List of TablesTable 2.1: Key water-
Page 17 and 18: for human well-being by regulating
Page 19 and 20: 1.3 Objectives of Study:The overall
Page 21 and 22: The quantity of urban water supply
Page 23 and 24: and Perera (2005) reported that the
Page 25 and 26: attempt to formally define PES and
Page 27 and 28: positivelybiasedtowardsdisadvantage
Page 29 and 30: climate change impacts has been inv
Page 31 and 32: community forestry user groups for
Page 33 and 34: 3.1.4 Water source and scarcityNume
Page 35 and 36: Table 3.1: CF recharges MKWS.N Name
Page 37 and 38: Map 3.3: Hanumante Basin in Bhaktap
Page 39 and 40: The methodological tools adopted in
Page 41 and 42: Table 4.1: FGDs in Upstream areaUps
Page 43 and 44: more ES than downstream that may be
Page 45: Local humanpopulation upstreamArmyb
Page 49 and 50: Perception of downstream peopleWate
Page 51 and 52: Participant %Paticipant %Participan
Page 53 and 54: conservation activities are conduct
Page 55 and 56: facilitate with proper policy respo
Page 57 and 58: water, purify water, and regulate w
Page 59 and 60: Native water holding trees are bett
Page 61 and 62: 8. Realizing importance of water by
Page 63 and 64: Joshi, L. 2009. A Community- Based
Page 65 and 66: USAID. 2003. Investments in Drinkin
Page 67 and 68: Photo 7: FGD in Ward 7, SudalPhoto
Page 69 and 70: Annex- 3Questionnaire for Focus Gro
Page 71 and 72: Annex -5Questionnaire for KUKL offi
Page 73 and 74: 5. Kabita Tyata- 5 Jeetendra Munnan

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