Scope of Payment for Ecosystem Services Mechanism for ... - icimod

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CHAPTER 77 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS7.1 ConclusionMahadev Khola is major source of drinking water in Ward 1 to 10, parts of Ward 11 and14 in Bhaktapur municipality. The people of Bageswori, Nagarkot and Sudal VDC, andBhaktapur Municipality receive water for drinking, irrigation and industry from theMKW. It appears that MKW is capable of providing necessary volume of water if watercollection and distribution systems are properly managed. There is also potential toincrease the ecosystem services, including water regulation and quality improvement,through the development of an appropriate PES scheme. The study showed that thepeople of Bhaktapur Muncipality are facing chronic shortage of water in the dry season.Water supply in Bhaktapur Municipality from Mahadev Khola is 4.5 ML/d in the wetseason and only 1.5 ML/d in the dry season whereas the current demand for water is 8ML/d. To cope up with this problem the people resort to buying water tankers during the9 dry months.Contrary to the norm of deforestation where forests are converted to other land uses, inMKW settlement areas have been reverted back to forests. The time series land cover datashow a reversal trend from non-forest land to forest in MKW. The total area of watershedin 1992 was 6.98 km 2 with 5.85 km 2 of forest. By 2010, the forest area has increased to6.41 km 2 . The increase in forest land is mainly due to the reforestation of parts (about0.56 km 2 ) of the settlement area that decreased from 1.14 km 2 in 1992 to 0.57 km 2 in2010.From the study, the causes of decrease in availability of water an increase in population,urbanization, pipe breakage and water leakage, haphazard extraction of water and waterwastage by upstream people, river pollution. Additionally the pine trees (Pinusroxburghii) in the southern aspect of the Nagarkot forest are reducing the water retentioncapacity, water purification and filtration capacity that directly affect water quantity andquality. On-going agriculture intensification (cash crops) that required much irrigationand application of agrochemicals may affect both quality and quantity of water availablefor Bhaktapur town. As the human pressure is likely to grow in future it will influenceforest ecosystems and its watershed ecosystem services.43
Native water holding trees are better in terms of water retention in the soil and waterpurification. The study concludes that while better management of water sources both inthe catchment area as well as in the distribution system is likely to provide more water intown, implementing incentive based PES mechanism will also help reduce water scarcityproblem in Bhaktapur.Incentive scheme may include payment by water users in Bhaktapur town to upstreamcommunities for efficient use of water (not wasting) and proper management of theircommunity forests by maintaining good forest cover, planting water storing species insidethe forests, not degrading their forest resources and not haphazardly applyingagrochemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) in the agriculture crops. Experience of PESschemes elsewhere indicates sufficient potential for use in Bhaktapur water supplysystem.44
Page 7: AcknowledgementsI extend my first a
Page 11 and 12: I. Vegetation .....................
Page 13 and 14: List of FiguresFigure 4.1: Methodol
Page 15 and 16: List of TablesTable 2.1: Key water-
Page 17 and 18: for human well-being by regulating
Page 19 and 20: 1.3 Objectives of Study:The overall
Page 21 and 22: The quantity of urban water supply
Page 23 and 24: and Perera (2005) reported that the
Page 25 and 26: attempt to formally define PES and
Page 27 and 28: positivelybiasedtowardsdisadvantage
Page 29 and 30: climate change impacts has been inv
Page 31 and 32: community forestry user groups for
Page 33 and 34: 3.1.4 Water source and scarcityNume
Page 35 and 36: Table 3.1: CF recharges MKWS.N Name
Page 37 and 38: Map 3.3: Hanumante Basin in Bhaktap
Page 39 and 40: The methodological tools adopted in
Page 41 and 42: Table 4.1: FGDs in Upstream areaUps
Page 43 and 44: more ES than downstream that may be
Page 45 and 46: Local humanpopulation upstreamArmyb
Page 47 and 48: Ashad(Jun- Jul)Shrawan(Jul- Aug)Bha
Page 49 and 50: Perception of downstream peopleWate
Page 51 and 52: Participant %Paticipant %Participan
Page 53 and 54: conservation activities are conduct
Page 55 and 56: facilitate with proper policy respo
Page 57: water, purify water, and regulate w
Page 61 and 62: 8. Realizing importance of water by
Page 63 and 64: Joshi, L. 2009. A Community- Based
Page 65 and 66: USAID. 2003. Investments in Drinkin
Page 67 and 68: Photo 7: FGD in Ward 7, SudalPhoto
Page 69 and 70: Annex- 3Questionnaire for Focus Gro
Page 71 and 72: Annex -5Questionnaire for KUKL offi
Page 73 and 74: 5. Kabita Tyata- 5 Jeetendra Munnan

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