Southern Blue Ridge: An Analysis of Matrix Forests - Conservation ...

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GEOLOGYBedrock geology strongly influences area soil and water chemistry. Bedrock types also differ in howthey weather and in the physical characteristics of the residual soil type. Because of this, local lithologyis usually the principle determinant of soil chemistry, texture, and nutrient availability. Many ecologicalcommunity types are closely related to the chemistry and drainage of the soil or are associated withparticular bedrock exposures.We grouped bedrock units on the bedrock geology maps of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, SouthCarolina, and Georgia into nine general classes, designed to have particular relevance to vegetationdistributions. The nine categories listed below were based on the chemical and physical properties ofthe soils derived from them, and are correlated with regional biodiversity patterns (Anderson and Ferree2010, Appendix C).Acidic sedimentary: Fine to coarse-grained, acidic sedimentary or meta-sedimentary rock. This groupincludes: mudstone, claystone, siltstone, non-fissile shale, sandstone, conglomerate, breccia, greywacke,and arenites. Metamorphic equivalents inlcude: slates, phyllites, pelites, schists, pelitic schists, andgranofels.Acidic shale: This group includes any fine-grained loosely compacted acidic fissile shale.Calcareous: Alkaline, soft, sedimentary or metasedimentary rock with high calcium content. This groupincludes: limestone, dolomite, dolostone, marble, and other carbonate-rich clastic rocks.Moderately Calcareous: Neutral to alkaline, moderately soft sedimentary or meta-sedimentary rockwith some calcium but less so than the calcareous rocks. This group includes: calcareous shales, pelitesand siltstones, calcareous sandstones, lightly metamorphosed calcareous pelites, quartzites, schists andphyllites, and calc-silicate granofels.Acidic Granitic: Quartz-rich, resistant acidic igneous and high grade meta-sedimentary rock. This groupincludes: granite, granodiorite, rhyolite, felsite, pegmatite, granitic gneiss, charnockites, migmatites,quartzose gneiss, quartzite, and quartz granofel.Mafic: Quartz-poor alkaline to slightly acidic rock. This group includes: (ultrabasic) anorthosite (basic),gabbro, diabase, basalt (intermediate), quartz-poor: diorite/ andesite, syenite/ trachyte, greenstone,amphibolite, epidiorite, granulite, bostonite, and essexite.Ultramafic: Magnesium-rich alkaline rock. This group includes: serpentine, soapstone, pyroxenites,dunites, peridotites, and talc schist.Coarse Surficial Sediment: This group includes deep unconsolidated sand and gravel.Fine Surficial Sediment: This group includes deep unconsolidated silt and mud.14
LANDFORMLandforms anchor and control terrestrial ecosystems by breaking broad landscapes into localtopographic units and creating meso- and micro-climates. Topography is largely responsible for localvariation in solar radiation, soil development, moisture availability, and susceptibility to wind and otherdisturbances. To map SBR ecoregional landforms, we created an 11-part GIS landform model thatdelineated local environments, representing distinct combinations of moisture, radiant energy,deposition, and erosion. The model, based on land surface models developed for soil mapping,categorizes various combinations of slope, land position, aspect, and moisture accumulation.Development methods were based on Fels and Matson (1997) and are described in detail in Anderson etal. 2012. The model is derived from a 30-meter Digital Elevation Model and maps the followinglandforms (Figure 4):1) Cliff or steep slope (includes cliffs and steep slopes of warm and cool aspects)2) Summit or ridgetop (includes flat summit, upper ridges, and slope crests)3) Northeast sideslope (includes moderately steep sideslopes of cooler aspects)4) Southwest sideslope (includes moderately steep sideslopes of warmer aspects)5) Cove or slope bottom (includes slope bottom flats, and coves of warm and cool aspects)6) Low hill7) Low hilltop flat8) Valley or toeslope9) Dry flat10) Wet flat11) Water (includes lakes, ponds,rivers and estuaries)ECOLOGICAL LAND UNITSTo integrate the elevation, geology, andlandform characteristics, we used GIS tocode every 30-meter cell in the regionwith its elevation zone, geology class,and landform type. For example, a cell at1,400 feet (elevation class 2000) ongranitic bedrock (substrate class 500) in awet flat (landform 31) would be coded2531 (Figure 4, Table 3). In total, theSouthern Blue Ridge Ecoregion had 453unique combinations of elevation zone,substrate type, and landform. TheseELU data were used to provide anabiotic characterization of each of thecandidate matrix forest blocks (Figure5).Figure 4. An example of landforms, used for Ecological Land Unitdevelopment, in Linville Gorge Wilderness Area in North Carolina.15
Page 1 and 2: Southern Blue Ridge:An Analysis of
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 5 and 6: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe Southern Blue
Page 7 and 8: The Southern Blue Ridge is a forest
Page 9 and 10: Figure 2. Regional Forest Conservat
Page 11 and 12: Table 1. Data used to evaluate pote
Page 13 and 14: gradients, are more prone to certai
Page 15 and 16: Table 2. Average Territory Size of
Page 17: CLASSIFYING THE MATRIX FOREST BLOCK
Page 21 and 22: The analysis resulted in 25 ELU gro
Page 23 and 24: Figure 5. Southern Blue Ridge Poten
Page 25 and 26: Figure 7. Prioritized Southern Blue
Page 27 and 28: RESULTS OF ANALYSISAll final SBR ma
Page 29 and 30: protection, but are subject to natu
Page 31 and 32: CONCLUSIONSThe goal of this analysi
Page 33 and 34: LITERATURE CITEDAnderson, M.G. 2008
Page 35 and 36: Lafon, C.W., Hoss, J.A. and Grissin
Page 37 and 38: Appendix A: State Expert Review Tea
Page 39 and 40: Appendix B: Fragmenting Features: D
Page 41 and 42: Geology class Lithotypes Metaequiva
Page 43 and 44: Tier BlockName OrdGroupLabelAcresT1
Page 45 and 46: Appendix E: Final Southern Blue Rid
Page 47 and 48: ELU_GroupBlock Name Revised Name St
Page 53: Field NamesSuccessional Shrub/Scrub

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