264 MOLITCH144. Nortier JWR, Croughs RJM, Thijssen JHH, Schwarz F. Bromocriptinetherapy in acromegaly: effects on plasma GH levels,Somatomedin-C levels <strong>and</strong> clinical activity. Clin Endocrinol1985;22:209–217.145. De Herder WW, Uitterlinden P, van der Lely AJ, H<strong>of</strong>l<strong>and</strong> LJ,Lamberts SW. Octreotide, but not bromocriptine, increases circulatinginsulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 levels inacromegaly. Eur J Endocrinol 1995 133:195–199.146. Jaspers C, Haase R, Pfingsten H, Benker G, Reinwein D. Longtermtreatment <strong>of</strong> acromegalic patients with repeatable parenteraldepot-bromocriptine. Clin Invest 1993;71:547–551.147. Kleinberg DL, Boyd AE III, Wardlaw S, Frantz AG, George A,Bryan N, et al. Pergolide for the treatment <strong>of</strong> pituitary tumorssecreting prolactin or growth hormone. N Engl J Med 1983;309:704–709.148. Kendall-Taylor P, Upstill-Goddard G, Cook D. Long term pergolidetreatment <strong>of</strong> acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol 1983;19:711–719.149. Chiodini PG, Attanasio R, Cozzi R, Dallabonzana D, Oppizzi G,Orl<strong>and</strong>i P, et al. CV 205-502 in acromegaly. Acta Endocrinol1993;128:389–393.149a. Abs R, Verhelst J, Maiter D, et al. Cabergoline in the treatment <strong>of</strong>acromegaly: a study in 64 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1998;83:375–378.150. Krulich l, Dhariwal PS, McCann SM. Stimulatory <strong>and</strong> inhibitoryeffects <strong>of</strong> purified hypothalamic extracts on growth hormonerelease from rat pituitary in vitro. Endocrinology 1968;83:783–790.151. Brazeau P, Vale W, Burgus R Ling N, Butcher M, Rivier J, et al.Hypothalamic polypeptide that inhibits the secretion <strong>of</strong> immunoreactivepituitary growth hormone. Science 1973;179:77–79.152. Siler TM, V<strong>and</strong>enBerg G, Yen SSC, Brazeau P, Vale W, GuilleminR. Inhibition <strong>of</strong> growth hormone release in humans by somatostatin.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1973;37:632–634.153. Besser GM, Mortimer CH, Carr D, Schally AV, Coy DJ, Evered D,et al. Growth hormone release inhibiting hormone in acromegaly.Br Med J 1974;1:352–355.154. Yen SSC, Siler TM, DeVane GW. Effect <strong>of</strong> somatostatin in patientswith acromegaly. Suppression <strong>of</strong> growth hormone, prolactin, insulin<strong>and</strong> glucose levels. N Engl J Med 1974;290:935–938.155. Bauer W, Briner U, Doepfner W, Hall R, Huguenin R, Marbach P,et al. SMS 201-995: a very potent <strong>and</strong> selective octapeptide analogue<strong>of</strong> somatostatin with prolonged action. Life Sci 1982;31:1133–1140.156. Del Pozo E, Neufeld M, Schlüter K, Tortosa F, Clarenbach P,Bieder E, et al. Endocrine pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>of</strong> a long-acting somatostatinderivative SMS 201-995. Study in normal volunteers followingsubcutaneous administration. Acta Endocrinol 1986;111:433–439.157. Lamberts SWJ, Oosterom R, Neufeld M, del Pozo A. The somatostatinanalog SMS 201-995 induces long-acting inhibition <strong>of</strong>growth hormone secretion without rebound hypersecretion inacromegalic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985;60:1161–1165.158. Kallivretakis N, Yolis A, del Pozo E, et al. Pharmacokinetics <strong>of</strong>SMS 201-995 in normal subjects <strong>and</strong> in patients with severe renalfailure. Neuroendocrinol Lett 1985;7:92.159. Ørskov H, Christensen SE, Weeke J, Kaal A, Harris AG. Effects<strong>of</strong> antibodies against octreotide in two patients with acromegaly.Clin Endocrinol 1991;34:395–398.160. Van Liessum PA, Swinkels LM, Pieters GF, Ross AA, Smals AG,Benraad TJ, et al. Lack <strong>of</strong> antibody formation during long-termsubcutaneous treatment with the somatostatin analogue octreotidein acromegaly. Acta Endocrinol 1990;12:309–312.161. S<strong>and</strong>oz Pharmaceuticals, information on file162. L<strong>and</strong>olt AM, Schmid J, Wimpfheimer C, Karlsson ERC, Boerlin V.Successful pregnancy in a previously infertile woman treated withSMS 201-995 for acromegaly. N Engl J Med 1989;320:671–672.163. Montini M, Pagani G, Gianola D, Pagani MD, Piolini R, CamboniMG. Acromegaly <strong>and</strong> primary amenorrhea: ovulation <strong>and</strong> pregnancyinduced by SMS 201-995 <strong>and</strong> bromocriptine. J EndocrinolInvest 1990;13:193.164. Caron P, Gerbeau C, Pradayrol L. Maternal-fetal transfer <strong>of</strong>octreotide. N Engl J Med 1995;333:601,602.165. Reubi JC, L<strong>and</strong>olt AM. The growth hormone responses tooctreotide in acromegaly correlate with adenoma stomatostatinreceptor status. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989;68:844–850.166. Lamberts SWJ, van der Lely A-J, de Herder WW, H<strong>of</strong>l<strong>and</strong> LJ.Octreotide. N Engl J Med 1996;334:246–254.167. Greenman Y, Melmed S. Heterogeneous expression <strong>of</strong> two somatostatinreceptor subtypes in pituitary tumors. J Clin EndocrinolMetab 1994;78:398–403.168. Greenman Y, Melmed S. Expression <strong>of</strong> three somatostatin receptorsubtypes in pituitary adenomas: evidence for preferentialSSTR5 expression in the mammosomatotroph lineage. J ClinEndocrinol Metab 1994;79:724–729.169. James RA, Weightman DR. Somatostatin receptors: types <strong>and</strong> classificationin the pituitary. The Endocrinologist 1995;5:55–60.170. Flyvberg A, Jørgensen KD, Marshall SM, Ørskov H. Inhibitoryeffect <strong>of</strong> octreotide on growth hormone-induced IGF-I generation<strong>and</strong> organ growth in hypophysectomized rats. Am J Physiol1991;260 (Endocrinol Metab 23): E568–574.171. Serri O, Brazeau P, Kachra Z, Posner B. Octreotide inhibits insulin-likegrowth factor-I hepatic gene expression in the hypophysectomizedrat: evidence <strong>of</strong> a direct <strong>and</strong> indirect mechanism <strong>of</strong>action,. Endocrinology 1992;130:1816–1821.172. Ren S-G, Ezzat S, Melmed S, Braunstein GD. Somatostatin analoginduces insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1)expression in human hepatoma cells. Endocrinology 1992;131:2479–2481.173. Ezzat S, Ren S-Q, Braunstein GD, Melmed S. Octreotide stimulatesinsulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) levelsin acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73:441–443.174. Ezzat S, Ren S-G, Braunstein GD, Melmed S. Octreotide stimulatesinsulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1: a potential pituitary-independentmechanism for drug action. J Clin EndocrinolMetab 1992;75:1459–1463.175. Melmed S, Ziel FJ, Braunstein GD, Downs T, Frohman LA. Medicalmanagement <strong>of</strong> acromegaly due to ectopic production <strong>of</strong> growthhormone-releasing hormone by a carcinoid tumor. J Clin EndocrinolMetab 1988;67:395–399.176. Moller DE, Moses AC, Jones K, Thorner MO, Vance ML.Octreotide suppresses both growth hormone (GH) <strong>and</strong> GH-releasinghormone (GHRH) in acromegaly due to ectopic GHRH secretion.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989;68:499–504.177. Ezzat S, Horvath E, Harris AG, Kovacs K. Morphological effects<strong>of</strong> octreotide on growth hormone-producing pituitary adenomas. JClin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:113–118.178. Ezzat S, Snyder PJ, Young WF, Boyajy LD, Newman C, KlibanskiA, et al. Octreotide treatment <strong>of</strong> acromegaly. A r<strong>and</strong>omized,multicenter study. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:711–718.179. H<strong>of</strong>l<strong>and</strong> LJ, van Koetsveld PM, van Vroonhoven CCJ, StefankoSZ, Lamberts SWJ. Heterogeneity <strong>of</strong> growth hormone (GH) releaseby individual pituitary adenoma cells from acromegalic patients,as determined by the reverse hemolytic plaque assay: effects <strong>of</strong>SMS 201-995, GH-releasing hormone, <strong>and</strong> thyrotropin-releasinghormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989;68:613–620.180. Lamberts SWJ. The role <strong>of</strong> somatostatin in the regulation <strong>of</strong> anteriorpituitary hormone secretion <strong>and</strong> the use <strong>of</strong> its analogs in thetreatment <strong>of</strong> human pituitary tumors. Endocr Rev 1988;9:417–436.181. Vance ML, Harris AG. Long-term treatment <strong>of</strong> 189 acromegalicpatients with the somatostatin analog octreotide. Results <strong>of</strong> theInternational Multicenter Acromegaly Study Group. Arch InternMed 1991;151:1573–1578.182. 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Stewart PM, Kane KF, Stewart SE, Lancranjan I, Sheppard MC.Depot long-acting somatostatin analog (S<strong>and</strong>ostatin-LAR) is aneffective treatment for acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1995;80:3267–3272.195. Grass P, Marbach P, Bruns C, et al. S<strong>and</strong>ostatin LAR (microencapsulatedoctreotide acetate) in acromegaly: pharmacokinetics<strong>and</strong> pharmacodynamics relationships. Metabolism 1996;45(suppl 1):27–30.196. Lancranjan I, Atkinson AB, <strong>and</strong> the S<strong>and</strong>ostatin LAR Group.Results <strong>of</strong> a European Multicentre Study with S<strong>and</strong>ostatin LAR inacromegalic patients. <strong>Pituitary</strong> 1999;1:105–114.197. Heron I, Thomas F, Dero M, Gancel A, Ruiz JM, Schatz B, et al.Pharmacokinetics <strong>and</strong> efficacy <strong>of</strong> a long-acting formulation <strong>of</strong> thenew somatostatin analog BIM 23014 in patients with acromegaly.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76:721–727.198. Motange I, De Boisvilliers F, Chanson P, Lucas B, Dewailly D,Catus F, et al. Slow release lanreotide treatment in acromegalicpatients previously normalized by octreotide. J Clin EndocrinolMetab 1994;79:145–151.199. Newman CB. Medical therapy for acromegaly. Endocrinol MetabClin N Amer 1999;28:171–190.200. Ho PJ, Boyajy LD, Greenstein E, Barkan AL. Effect <strong>of</strong> chronicoctreotide treatment on intestinal absorption in patients withacromegaly. Dig Dis Sci 1993;38:309–315.201. Plöckinger U, Dinemann D, Quabbe H-J. Gastrointestinal sideeffects<strong>of</strong> octreotide during long term treatment <strong>of</strong> acromegaly. JClin Endocrinol Metab 1990;71:1658–1662.202. Anderson JV, Catnach S, Lowe DG, Fairclough PD, Besser GM,Wass JAH. Prevalence <strong>of</strong> gastritis in patients with acromegaly:untreated <strong>and</strong> during treatment with octreotide. Clin Endocrinol1992;37:227–232.203. Hopman WPM, van Liessum PA, Pieters GFFM, Jansen JBMJ,Lamers CBHW, Smals AGH, et al. Postpr<strong>and</strong>ial gallbladdermotility <strong>and</strong> plasma cholecystokinin at regular time intervals afterinjection <strong>of</strong> octreotide in acromegalics on long-term treatment.Dig Dis Sci 1992;37:1685–1690.204. Eastman RC, Arakaki RF, Shawker T, Schock R, Roach P, ComiRJ, et al. A prospective examination <strong>of</strong> octreotide-induced gallbladderchanges in acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol 1992;36:265–269.205. Catnach SM, Anderson JV, Fairclough PD, Trembath RC, WilsonPAJ, Parker E, et al. Effect <strong>of</strong> octreotide on gall stone prevalence<strong>and</strong> gall bladder motility in acromegaly. Gut 1993;34:270–273.206. Stolk MFJ, van Erpecum KJ, Koppeschaar JPF, de Bruin WI,Jansen JBMJ, Lamers CBHW, et al. Postpr<strong>and</strong>ial gall bladdermotility <strong>and</strong> hormone release during intermittent <strong>and</strong> continuoussubcutaneous octreotide treatment in acromegaly. Gut 1993;34:808–813.207. Shi Y-F, Zhu X-F, Harris AG, Zhang J-X, Dai Q. Prospective study<strong>of</strong> the long-term effects <strong>of</strong> somatostatin analog (octreotide) ongallbladder function <strong>and</strong> gallstone formation in chinese acromegalicpatients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76:32–37.208. Tauber JP, Poncet MF, Harris AG, Barthel HR, Simonetta-Chateauneuf C, Buscail L, et al. The impact <strong>of</strong> continuous subcutaneousinfusion <strong>of</strong> octreotide on gallstone formation in acromegalicpatients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:3262–3266.209. Chiodini PG, Cozzi R, Dallabonzana D, Oppizzi G, Verde G,Petroncini M, et al. Medical treatment <strong>of</strong> acromegaly with SMS201-995, a somatostatin analog: a comparison with bromocriptine.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987;64:447–453.210. Fløgstad AK, Halse J, Grass P, Abisch E, Djøsel<strong>and</strong> O, Kutz K, etal. A comparison <strong>of</strong> octreotide, bromocriptine, or a combination <strong>of</strong>both drugs in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:462–466.211. Lamberts SWJ, Zeens M, Verschoor L, del Pozo E. A comparisonamong the growth hormone-lowering effects in acromegaly <strong>of</strong> thesomatostatin analog SMS 201–995, bromocriptine, <strong>and</strong> the combination<strong>of</strong> both drugs. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;63:16–19.211a. Trainer PJ, Drake WM, Katznelson L, et al. Treatment <strong>of</strong> acromegalywith pegvisomant, a genetically-engineered human growthhormone receptor antagonist. N Engl J Med. In Press.212. Feldman D. Ketoconazole <strong>and</strong> other imidazole derivatives asinhibitors <strong>of</strong> steroidogenesis. Endocr Rev 1986;7:409–420.213. Stalla GK, Stalla J, Huber M, Loeffler J-P, Hollt V, van Werder K,et al. Ketoconazole inhibits corticotropic cell function in vitro.Endocrinology 1988;122:618–623.214. Stalla GK, Stalla J, von Werder K, Müller OA, Gerzer R, Höllt V,et al. Nitroimidazole derivatives inhibit anterior pituitary cell functionapparently by a direct effect on the catalytic subunit <strong>of</strong> theadenylate cyclase holoenzyme. Endocrinology 1989;125:699–706.215. Reina LJ, Leal-Cerro A, Garcia J, Garcia-Luna PP, Astorga R,Bernal G. In vitro effects <strong>of</strong> ketoconazole on corticotrope cellmorphology <strong>and</strong> ACTH secretion <strong>of</strong> two pituitary adenomasremoved from patients with Nelson’s syndrome. Acta Endocrinol1989;121:185–190.216. Sonino N. The use <strong>of</strong> ketoconazole as an inhibitor <strong>of</strong> steroid production.N Engl J Med 1987;317:812–818.217. Cerdas S, Billaud L, Guilhaume B, Laudat MH, Bertagna X, LutonJP. Effects a court terme due ketoconazole dans les syndromes deCushing. Ann d’Endocrinologie 1989;50;489–496.218. Tabarin A, Navarranne A, Guérin J, Corcuff J-B, Parneix M, RogerP. Use <strong>of</strong> ketoconazole in the treatment <strong>of</strong> Cushing’s disease <strong>and</strong>ectopic ACTH syndrome. Clin Endocrinol 1991;34:63–69.219. Sonino N, Boscaro M, Paoletta A, Manetero F, Ziliotto D.Ketoconazole treatment in Cushing’s syndrome: experience in 34patients. Clin Endocrinol 1991;35:347–352.219a. Invitti C, Giraldi P, de Martin M, Cavagnini F, <strong>and</strong> The StudyGroup <strong>of</strong> the Italian Society <strong>of</strong> Endocrinology on the Pathophysiology<strong>of</strong> the Hypothalamic-<strong>Pituitary</strong>-Adrenal Axis. <strong>Diagnosis</strong> <strong>and</strong>management <strong>of</strong> Cushing’s syndrome: results <strong>of</strong> an ItalianMulticenter Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:440–448.219b. Sonino N, Boscaro M. Medical therapy for Cushing’s disease.Endocrinol Metab Clin N Amer 1999;28:211–222.220. Krieger DT, Amorosa L, Linick F. Cyproheptadine-inducedremission <strong>of</strong> Cushing’s disease. N Engl J Med 1975;293:893–896.221. Middler SA. Cyproheptadine for pituitary disorders. N Engl J Med1976;295:394.222. Barnes P, Shaw K, Ross E. Cushing’s disease: successful treatmentwith cyproheptadine. Lancet 1977;1:1148–1149.223. Krieger DT, Condon EM. Cyproheptadine treatment <strong>of</strong> Nelson’ssyndrome: restoration <strong>of</strong> plasma ACTH circadian periodicity <strong>and</strong>reversal <strong>of</strong> response to TRF. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 198;46:349–352.
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DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OFPITUITAR
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202 EMERY AND KUCHARCZYKFigure 11-1
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204 EMERY AND KUCHARCZYKFigure 11-4
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206 EMERY AND KUCHARCZYKFigure 11-7
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208 EMERY AND KUCHARCZYKFigure 11-1
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210 EMERY AND KUCHARCZYKFigure 11-1
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212 EMERY AND KUCHARCZYKFigure 11-1
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CHAPTER 17 / ACROMEGALY 315266. Shi
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318 LO, TYRRELL, AND WILSONTable 1C
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320 LO, TYRRELL, AND WILSONFigure 1
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322 LO, TYRRELL, AND WILSONFigure 1
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324 LO, TYRRELL, AND WILSONterm cur
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326 LO, TYRRELL, AND WILSON(118). O
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328 LO, TYRRELL, AND WILSONREFERENC
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330 LO, TYRRELL, AND WILSON70. Mill
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332 LO, TYRRELL, AND WILSON157. Nel
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334 BUCHFELDER AND FAHLBUSCHsized o
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336 BUCHFELDER AND FAHLBUSCHimmunoh
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338 BUCHFELDER AND FAHLBUSCHFigure
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340 BUCHFELDER AND FAHLBUSCHFigure
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342 BUCHFELDER AND FAHLBUSCH39. Gri
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344 YOUNGFigure 20-1 Serum prolacti
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346 YOUNGFigure 20-3 Images from a
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348 YOUNGFigure 20-5 Visual fields
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350 YOUNGFigure 20-7 Serial MRI fro
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CHAPTER 21 / PEDIATRIC PITUITARY TU
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CHAPTER 21 / PEDIATRIC PITUITARY TU
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CHAPTER 21 / PEDIATRIC PITUITARY TU
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CHAPTER 21 / PEDIATRIC PITUITARY TU
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CHAPTER 21 / PEDIATRIC PITUITARY TU
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370 PERNICONE AND SCHEITHAUERFigure
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372 PERNICONE AND SCHEITHAUERFigure
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374 PERNICONE AND SCHEITHAUERFigure
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376 PERNICONE AND SCHEITHAUERFigure
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378 PERNICONE AND SCHEITHAUERFigure
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380 PERNICONE AND SCHEITHAUERFigure
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382 PERNICONE AND SCHEITHAUERFigure
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384 PERNICONE AND SCHEITHAUER32. Th
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 38723Sel
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 389mode
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 391Figur
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 393Figur
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 395Figur
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 397Figur
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 399most
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 401Figur
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 403Figur
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 405Figur
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 407Figur
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 409Figur
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 411Figur
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 413Figur
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 4154.4.4
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therapy and, in some cases, radioth
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 419Figur
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 421Figur
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 423Figur
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 425the u
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 427Figur
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 4297.2.2
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 431Figur
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 43319. P
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 43520. N
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 43716. P
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 4393. Wi
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 4414.3.
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 44319. T
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 4457. Lo
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 44714. M
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450 SAEGERTermDiffuse hyperplasiaNo
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452 SAEGERFigure 24-3 ACTH cell hyp
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454 SAEGERFigure 24-9 Septic absces
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456 SAEGERabnormality of the arachn
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458 SAEGERFigure 24-15 Densely gran
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460 SAEGER76. Asa SL. Tumors of the
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462 MILLER, ZHANG, AND KLIBANSKItio
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464 MILLER, ZHANG, AND KLIBANSKItum
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INDEXABC peroxidase method, 94Acrom
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INDEX 469Chordomas (cont.) Cranioph
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INDEX 471Glycoprotein hormones/SV4O
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INDEX 473Invasion (cont.)Lymphomas
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INDEX 475Osteogenic sarcomas, 416-4
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INDEX 477Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC
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INDEX 479Visual outcomes (cont.) Vi