Diagnosis and Management of Pituitary Tumors

330 LO, TYRRELL, AND WILSON70. Miller DL, Doppman JL, Nieman LK, Cutler GB, Chrousos G,Loriaux DL, et al. Petrosal sinus sampling: Discordant lateralizationof ACTH-secreting pituitary microadenomas before and afterstimulation with corticotropin-releasing hormone. Radiology1990;176:429–431.71. Wilson CB, Mindermann T, Tyrrell JB. Extrasellar, intracavernoussinus adrenocorticotropin-releasing adenoma causing Cushing’sdisease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:1774–1777.72. Teramoto A, Nemoto S, Takakura K, Sasaki Y, Machida T. Selectivevenous sampling directly from cavernous sinus in Cushing’ssyndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76:637–641.73. Graham KE, Samuels MH, Nesbit GM, Cook DM, O’NeillOR, Barnwell SL, Loriaux DL. Cavernous sinus sampling ishighly accurate in distinguishing Cushing’s disease from theectopic adrenocorticotropin syndrome and in predictingintrapituitary tumor location. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:1602–1610.74. Doppman JL, Nieman LK, Chang R, Yanovski J, Cutler GB,Chrousos GP, et al. Selective venous sampling from the cavernoussinuses is not a more reliable technique than sampling from theinferior petrosal sinuses in Cushing’s syndrome. J Clin EndocrinolMetab 1995;80:2485–2489.75. Samuels MH, Cook DM, O’Neill O, Nesbitt G, Barnwell S, LoriauxDL. Cavernous sinus sampling (CSS) is superior to inferior petrosalsinus sampling (IPSS) in the evaluation of Cushing’s syndrome.Presented at the 10th International Congress of Endocrinology,Abstract OR49-3. San Francisco, June 1996.76. Hardy J. Transphenoidal microsurgery of the normal and pathologicalpituitary. Clin Neurosurg 1969;16:185–217.77. Burch W. A survey of results with transsphenoidal surgery inCushing’s disease. N Engl J Med 1983;308:103–104.78. Wilson CB. A decade of pituitary microsurgery. J Neurosurg1984;61:814–833.79. Wilson CB, Dempsey LC. Transsphenoidal microsurgical removalof 250 pituitary adenomas. J Neurosurg 1978;48:13–22.80. Wilson CB. The long-term results following pituitary surgery forCushing’s disease and Nelson’s syndrome. In: Black PM, ZervasNT, Ridgway EC, Martin JB, eds. Secretory Tumors of the PituitaryGland. Raven, New York, 1984, pp. 287–294.81. Landolt AM, Schubiger O, Maurer, Girard J. The value of inferiorpetrosal sinus sampling in diagnosis and treatment of Cushing’sdisease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford) 1994;40:485–492.82. Wilson CB, Tyrrell JB, Fitzgerald PA, Pitts LH. Cushing’s diseaseand Nelson’s syndrome. Clin Neurosurg 1980;27:19–30.83. McCance DR, Besser M, Atkinson AB. Assessment of cure aftertranssphenoidal surgery for Cushing’s disease. Clin Endocrinol(Oxford) 1996;44:1–6.84. Trainer PJ, Lawrie HS, Verhelst J, Howlett TA, Lowe DG,Grossman AB, Savage MO, et al. Transsphenoidal resection inCushing’s disease: Undetectable serum cortisol as the definition ofsuccessful treatment. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford) 1993;38:73–78.85. Bochicchio D, Losa M, Buchfelder M, et al. Factors influencingthe immediate and late outcome of Cushing’s disease treated bytranssphenoidal surgery: A retrospective study by the EuropeanCushing’s Disease Survey Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1995;80:3114–3120.86. McCance DR, Gordon DS, Fannin TF, Hadden DR, Kennedy L,Sheridan B, et al. Assessment of endocrine function after transsphenoidalsurgery for Cushing’s disease. Clin Endocrinol(Oxford) 1993;38:79–86.87. Friedman TC, Chrousos GP. Transsphenoidal resection in Cushing’sdisease: Definition of success. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford) 1993;39:701.88. Toms GC, McCarthy MI, Niven MJ, Orteu CH, King TT, MonsonJP. Predicting relapse after transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing’sdisease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76:291–294.89. Arnott RD, Pestell RG, McKelvie PA, Henderson JK, McNeillPM, Alford FP. A critical evaluation of transsphenoidal pituitarysurgery in the treatment of Cushing’s disease: Prediction of outcome.Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1990;123:423–430.90. Jeffcoate WJ, Dauncey S, Selby C. Restoration of dexamethasonesuppression by incomplete adenomectomy in Cushing’s disease.Clin Endocrinol (Oxford) 1985;23:193–199.91. Avgerinos PC, Chrousos GP, Nieman LK, Oldfield EH, LoriauxDL, Cutler GB. The corticotropin-releasing hormone test in thepostoperative evaluation of patients with Cushing’s syndrome. JClin Endocrinol Metab 1987;65:906–913.92. Aron DC, Findling JW, Tyrrell JB. Cushing’s disease. EndocrinolMetab Clin North Am 1987;16(3):705–730.93. Lamberts SWJ, Klijn JGM, deJong FH. The definition of true recurrenceof pituitary-dependent Cushing’s syndrome after transsphenoidaloperation. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford) 1987;26:707–712.94. Ram Z, Nieman LK, Cutler GB, Chrousos GP, Doppman JL,Oldfield EH. Early repeat surgery for persistent Cushing’s disease.J Neurosurg 1994;80:37–45.95. Sonino N, Zielezny M, Fava GA, Fallo F, Boscaro M. Risk factorsand long-term outcome in pituitary-dependent Cushing’s disease.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:2647–2652.96. Tindall GT, Herring CJ, Clark RV, Adams DA, Watts NB.Cushing’s disease: Results of transsphenoidal microsurgery withemphasis on surgical failures. J Neurosurg 1990;72:363–369.97. Robert F, Hardy J. Cushing’s disease: A correlation of radiological,surgical and pathological findings with therapeutic results.Pathol Res Pract 1991;187:617–621.98. Tahir AH, Sheeler LR. Recurrent Cushing’s disease after transsphenoidalsurgery. Arch Intern Med 1992;152:977–981.99. Olson BR, Rubino D, Gumowski J, Oldfield EH. Isolatedhyponatremia after transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. J ClinEndocrinol Metab 1995;80:85–91.100. Friedman RB, Oldfield EH, Nieman LK, Chrousos GP, DoppmanJL, Cutler GB, et al. Repeat transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing’sdisease. J Neurosurg 1989;71:520–527.101. Halberg FE, Sheline GE. Radiotherapy of pituitary tumors.Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1987;16(3):667–684.102. Orth DN, Liddle GW. Results of treatment in 108 patients withCushing’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 1971;285:243–247.103. Larson DA. Radiation therapy of pituitary tumors. In: YoumansJR, ed. Neurological Surgery. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1996,pp. 2970–2979.104. Flickinger JC, Rush SC. Linear accelerator therapy of pituitaryadenomas. In: Landolt AM, Vance ML, Reilly PL, eds. PituitaryAdenomas. Churchill-Livingstone, New Jersey, 1996, pp. 475–483.105. Howlett TA, Plowman PN, Wass JAH, Rees LH, Jones AE, BesserGM. Megavoltage pituitary irradiation in the management ofCushing’s disease and Nelson’s syndrome: Long-term follow-up.Clin Endocrinol (Oxford) 1989;31:309–323.106. Hughes MN, Llamas KJ, Yelland ME, Tripcony LB. Pituitary adenomas:Long-term results for radiotherapy alone and post-operativeradiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1993;27:1035–1043.107. Littley MD, Shalet SM, Beardwell CG, Ahmed SR, Sutton ML.Long-term follow-up of low-dose external pituitary irradiation forCushing’s disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford) 1990;33:445–455.108. Ahmed SR, Shalet SM, Beardwell CG, Sutton ML. Treatment ofCushing’s disease with low dose radiation therapy. Br Med J1984;289:643–646.109. Vincente A, Estrada J, de la Cuerda C, Astigarraga B, MarazuelaM, Blanco C, et al. Results of external pituitary irradiation afterunsuccessful transsphenoidal surgery in Cushing’s disease. ActaEndocrinol (Copenh) 1991;125:470–474.110. Estrada J, Boronat M, Mielgo M, Magallon R, Millan I, Diez S, etal. The long-term outcome of pituitary irradiation after unsuccessfultranssphenoidal surgery in Cushing’s disease. N Engl J Med1997;336:172–177.111. Clarke SD, Woo SY, Butler EB, Dennis WS, Lu H, Carpenter LS,et al. Treatment of secretory pituitary adenoma with radiationtherapy. Radiology 1993;188:759–763.112. Murayama M, Yasuda K, Minamori Y, Mercado-Asis LB,Yamakita N, Miura K. Long term follow-up of Cushing’s diseasetreated with reserpine and pituitary irradiation. J Clin EndocrinolMetab 1992;75:935–942.