Diagnosis and Management of Pituitary Tumors

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328 LO, TYRRELL, AND WILSONREFERENCES1. Cushing H. The basophil adenomas of the pituitary body and theirclinical manifestations (pituitary basophilism). Bull Johns HopkinsHosp 1932;50:137–195.2. Huff TA. Clinical syndromes related to disorders of adrenocorticotrophichormone. In: Allen MB, Mahesh VB, eds. The Pituitary:A Current Review. Academic, New York, 1977, p. 154.3. Mindermann T, Wilson CB. Age-related and gender-relatedoccurrence of pituitary adenomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford)1994;41:359–364.4. Mampalam TJ, Tyrrell JB, Wilson CB. Transsphenoidal microsurgeryfor Cushing disease: A report of 216 cases. Ann Intern Med1988;109:487–493.5. Plotz CM, Knowlton AI, Ragan C. The natural history of Cushing’ssyndrome. Am J Med 1952;13:597–614.6. Krieger DT. Physiopathology of Cushing’s disease. Endocr Rev1983;4:22–43.7. Biller BMK. Pathogenesis of pituitary Cushing’s syndrome: Pituitaryversus hypothalamic. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am1994;23(3):547–554.8. Saeger W, Ludecke DK. Pituitary hyperplasia. Virchows Arch1983;399:277–287.9. Gertz BJ, Contreras LN, McComb DJ, Kovacs K, Tyrrell JB,Dallman MF. Chronic administration of corticotropin-releasingfactor increases pituitary corticotroph number. Endocrinology1987;120:381–388.10. Carey RM, Varma SK, Drake CR, Thorner MO, Kovacs K, RivierJ, et al. Ectopic secretion of corticotropin-releasing factor as acause of Cushing’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 1984;311:13–20.11. Belsky JL, Cuello B, Swanson W, Simmons DM, Jarrett RM, BrazaF. Cushing’s syndrome due to ectopic production of corticotropinreleasingfactor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985;60:496–500.12. Krieger DT. Medical management of Cushing’s disease. In: BlackPM, Zervas NT, Ridgway EC, Martin JB, eds. Secretory Tumorsof the Pituitary Gland. Raven, New York, 1984, pp. 273–285.13. Tyrrell JB, Wilson CB. Cushing’s disease: Therapy of pituitaryadenomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1994;23(4):925–938.14. Fitzgerald PA, Aron DC, Findling JW, Brooks RM, Wilson CB,Forsham PH, et al. Cushing’s disease: Transient secondary adrenalinsufficiency after selective removal of pituitary microadenomas;Evidence for a pituitary origin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982;54:413–422.15. Nakane T, Kuwayama A, Watanabe M, Takahashi T, Kato T,Ichihara K, et al. Long term results of transsphenoidal adenomectomyin patients with Cushing’s disease. Neurosurgery1987;21:218–222.16. Gicquel C, Le Bouc Y, Luton J, Girard F, Bertagna X. Monoclonalityof corticotroph macroadenomas in Cushing’s disease. J ClinEndocrinol Metab 1992;75:472–475.17. Herman V, Fagin J, Gonsky R, Kovacs K, Melmed S. Clonal originof pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;71:1427–1433.18. Biller BMK, Alexander JM, Zervas NT, Hedley-Whyte ET, ArnoldA, Klibanski A. Clonal origins of adrenocorticotropin-secretingpituitary tissue in Cushing’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1992;75:1303–1309.19. Nugent CA, Warner HR, Dunn JT, Tyler FH. Probability theory inthe diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol 1964;24:621–627.20. Ross EJ, Linch DC. Cushing’s syndrome—killing disease: Discriminatoryvalue of signs and symptoms aiding early diagnosis.Lancet 1982;2:646–649.21. Hiramatsu R, Yoshida K, Sato T. A body measurement to evaluatethe pattern of fat distribution in central obesity. JAMA 1983;250:3174–3178.22. Yanovski JA, Cutler GB. Glucocorticoid action and the clinicalfeatures of Cushing’s syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin NorthAm 1994;23(3):487–509.22a. Findling JW, Aron DC, Tyrrell JB. Cushing’s Disease. In: ImuraH, ed. The Pituitary Gland. Raven, New York, 1985, pp. 441–446.23. Bouzas EA, Mastorakos G, Friedman TC, Scott MH, ChrousosGP, Kaiser-Kupfer MI. Posterior subcapsular cataract in endogenousCushing syndrome: An uncommon manifestation. InvestOphthalmol Vis Sci 1993;34:3497–3500.24. Nugent CA, Nichols T, Tyler FH. Diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome.Arch Intern Med 1965;116:172–176.25. Pavlatos FC, Smilo RP, Forsham PH. A rapid screening test forCushing’s syndrome. 1965 JAMA 1965;193:96–99.26. Fok ACK, Tan KT, Jacob E, Sum CF. Overnight (1 mg) dexamethasonesuppression testing reliably distinguishes non-cushingoidobesity from Cushing’s syndrome. Steroids 1991;56:549–551.26a. Wood PJ, Barth JH, Freedman DB, Perry L, Sheridan B. Evidencefor the low dose dexamethasone suppression test to screenfor Cushing’s syndrome–recommendations for a protocol forbiochemistry laboratories. Ann Clin Biochem 1997;34:222–229.26b. Cronin C, Igoe D, Duffy MJ, Cunningham SK, McKenna TJ. ClinEndocrinol (Oxford) 1990;33:27–33.27. Crapo L. Cushing’s syndrome: A review of diagnostic tests.Metabolism 1979;28:955–977.28. Findling JW, Doppman JL. Biochemical and radiologic diagnosisof Cushing’s syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am1994;23:511–537.29. Mengden T, Hubmann P, Muller J, Greminger P, Vetter W. Urinaryfree cortisol versus 17-hydroxycorticosteroids: A comparativestudy of their diagnostic value in Cushing’s syndrome. ClinInvest 1992;70:545–548.30. Schoneshofer M, Fenner A, Altinok G, Dulce HJ. Specific andpracticable assessment of urinary free cortisol by combination ofautomatic high-pressure liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay.Clin Chim Acta 1980;106:63–73.31. Liddle GW. Tests of pituitary-adrenal suppressibility in the diagnosisof Cushing’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1960;20:1539–1560.31a. Newell-Price J, Trainer P, Besser M, Grossman A. The diagnosis anddifferential diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome and pseudo-Cushing’sstates. Endocr Rev 1998; 19:647–672.31b. Newell-Price J, Trainer P, Perry L, Wass J, Grossman A, Besser M.A single sleeping midnight cortisol has 100% sensitivity for thediagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford)1995;43:545–550.31c. Raff H, Raff JL, Findling JW. Late-night salivary cortisol as ascreening test for Cushing’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1998;83 :2681–2686.32. Yanovski JA, Cutler GB, Chrousos GP, Nieman LK. Corticotropin-releasinghormone stimulation following low-dose dexamethasoneadministration. JAMA 1993;269:2232–2238.32a. Papanicolaou DA, Yanovski JA, Cutler GB, Chrousos GP, NiemanLK. A single midnight serum cortisol measurement distinguishesCushing’s syndrome from pseudo-Cushing states. J Clin EndocrinolMetab 1998;83:1163–1167.33. Raff H, Findling JW. A new immunoradiometric assay for corticotropinevaluated in normal subjects and patients with Cushing’ssyndrome. Clin Chem 1989;35:596–600.33a. Findling JW. Clinical application of a new immunoradiometricassay for ACTH. Endocrinologist 1992;2:360–365.34. Tyrrell JB, Findling JW, Aron DC, Fitzgerald PA, Forsham PH.An overnight high-dose dexamethasone suppression test for rapiddifferential diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome. Ann Intern Med1986;104:180–186.35. Dichek HL, Nieman LK, Oldfield EH, Pass HI, Malley JD, CutlerGB. A comparison of the standard high dose dexamethasone suppressiontest and the overnight 8 mg dexamethasone suppressiontest for the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin-dependentCushing’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:418–422.36. Bruno OD, Rossi MA, Contreras LN, Gomez RM, Galparsoro G,Cazado E, et al. Nocturnal high-dose dexamethasone suppressiontest in the aetiological diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome. ActaEndocrinol (Copenh) 1985;109:158–162.
CHAPTER 18 / CORTICOTROPH ADENOMAS 32937. Limper AH, Carpenter PC, Scheithauer B, Staats BA. The Cushingsyndrome induced by bronchial carcinoid tumors. Ann Intern Med1992;117:209–214.38. Grossman AB, Howlett TA, Perry L, Coy DH, Savage MO, LavenderP, et al. CRF in the differential diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome:A comparison with the dexamethasone suppression test.Clin Endocrinol (Oxford) 1988;29:167–178.39. Findling JW, Tyrrell JB. Occult ectopic secretion of corticotropin.Arch Intern Med 1986;146:929–933.40. Aron DC, Raff H, Findling JW. Effectiveness versus efficacy: Thelimited value in clinical practice of high dose dexamethasone suppressiontesting in the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin-dependentCushing’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1997;82:1780–1785.41. Loriaux DL, Nieman L. Corticotropin-releasing hormone testingin pituitary disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1991;20(2):363–369.42. Nieman LK, Oldfield EH, Wesley R, Chrousos GP, Loriaux DL,Cutler GB. A simplified morning ovine corticotropin-releasinghormone stimulation test for the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin-dependentCushing’s syndrome. J Clin EndocrinolMetab 1993;77:1308–1312.43. Tabarin A, Greselle JF, San-Galli F, Leprat F, Caille JM, LatapieJL, et al. Usefulness of the corticotropin-releasing hormone testduring bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling for the diagnosisof Cushing’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73:53–59.44. Newell-Price J, Perry L, Medbak S, Monson J, Savage M, BesserM, et al. A combined test using desmopressin and corticotropinreleasinghormone in the differential diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:176–181.45. Dickstein G, DeBold CR, Gaitan D, DeCherney GS, Jackson RV,Sheldon WR, et al. Plasma corticotropin and cortisol responses toovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), arginine vasopressin(AVP), CRH plus AVP, and CRH plus metyrapone inpatients with Cushing’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:2934–2941.46. Avgerinos PC, Yanovski JA, Oldfield EH, Nieman LK, Cutler GB.The metyrapone and dexamethasone suppression tests for thedifferential diagnosis of the adrenocorticotropin-dependentCushing’s syndrome: A comparison. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:318–327.47. Nieman LK, Chrousos GP, Oldfield EH, Avgerinos PC, CutlerGB, Loriaux DL. The ovine corticotropin-releasing hormonestimulation test and the dexamethasone suppression test in thedifferential diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome. Ann Intern Med1986;105:862–867.48. Findling JW. Eutopic or ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormonedependentCushing’s syndrome? A diagnostic dilemma. Mayo ClinProc 1990;65:1377–1380.49. Buchfelder M, Nistor R, Fahlbusch R, Huk WJ. The accuracy ofCT and MR evaluation of the sella turcica for detection of adrenocorticotropichormone-secreting adenomas in Cushing disease.Am J Neuroradiol 1993;14:1183–1190.50. Marcovitz S, Wee R, Chan J, Hardy J. The diagnostic accuracy ofpreoperative CT scanning in the evaluation of pituitary ACTHsecretingadenomas. Am J Neuroradiol 1987;8:641–644.51. Saris SC, Patronas NJ, Doppman JL, Loriaux DL, Cutler GB,Nieman LK, et al. Cushing syndrome: Pituitary CT scanning.Radiology 1987;162:775–777.52. Colombo N, Loli P, Vignati F, Scialfa G. MR of corticotropinsecretingpituitary microadenomas. Am J Neuroradiol 1994;15:1591–1595.53. Peck WW, Dillon WP, Norman D, Newton TH, Wilson CB. HighresolutionMR imaging of microadenomas at 1.5 T: Experiencewith Cushing disease. Am J Neuroradiol 1988;9:1085–1091.54. de Herder WW, Uitterlinden P, Pieterman H, Tanghe HLJ,Kwekkeboom DJ, Pois HAP, et al. Pituitary tumor localization inpatients with Cushing’s disease by magnetic resonance imaging. Isthere a place for petrosal sinus sampling? Clin Endocrinol (Oxford)1994;40:87–92.55. Scanarini M. Transsphenoidal surgery in Cushing’s disease andNelson’s syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 1992;15:230–231.56. Burrow GN, Wortzman G, Rewcastle NB, Holgate RC, Kovacs K.Microadenomas of the pituitary and abnormal sellar tomograms inan unselected autopsy series. N Engl J Med 1981;304:156–158.57. Parent AD, Bebin J, Smith RR. Incidental pituitary adenomas. JNeurosurg 1981;54:228–231.58. Hall WA, Luciano MG, Doppman JL, Patronas NJ, Oldfield EH.Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging in normal human volunteers:Occult adenomas in the general population. Ann Intern Med1994;120:817–820.59. Ludecke DK. Transnasal microsurgery of Cushing’s disease 1990.Pathol Res Pract 1991;187:608–612.60. Oldfield EH, Girton ME, Doppman JL. Absence of intercavernousvenous mixing: Evidence supporting lateralization of pituitarymicroadenomas by venous sampling. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1985;61:644–647.61. Miller DL, Doppman JL. Petrosal sinus sampling: Technique andrationale. Radiology 1991;178:37–47.62. Doppman JL, Oldfield E, Krudy AG, Chrousos GP, Schulte HM,Schaaf M, et al. Petrosal sinus sampling for Cushing syndrome:Anatomical and technical considerations. Radiology 1984;150:99–103.63. Miller DL, Doppman JL, Peterman SB, Nieman LK, Oldfield EH,Chang R. Neurologic complications of petrosal sinus sampling.Radiology 1992;185:143–147.64. Corrigan DF, Schaaf M, Whaley RA, Czerwinski CL, Earll JM.Selective venous sampling to differentiate ectopic ACTH secretionfrom pituitary Cushing’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 1977;296:861–862.65. Findling JW, Aron DC, Tyrrell JB, Shinsako JH, Fitzgerald PA,Norman D, et al. Selective venous sampling for ACTH in Cushing’ssyndrome: Differentiation between Cushing’s disease and theectopic ACTH syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1981;94:647–652.66. Oldfield EH, Chrousos GP, Schulte HM, Schaaf M, McKeeverPE, Krudy AG, et al. Preoperative lateralization of ACTH-secretingpituitary microadenomas by bilateral and simultaneous inferiorpetrosal venous sinus sampling. N Engl J Med 1985;312:100–103.66a. Findling JW, Aron DC, Tyrrell JB. Glucocorticoid and adrenalandrogens. In: Greenspan FS, Strewler GJ, eds. Basic and ClinicalEndocrinology. Stamford, CT, Appleton & Lange, 1997, pp.317–358.67. Oldfield EH, Doppman JL, Nieman LK, Chrousos GP, Miller DL,Katz DA, et al. Petrosal sinus sampling with and without corticotropin-releasinghormone for the differential diagnosis ofCushing’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 1991;325:897–905.67a. Kaltsas GA, Giannulis MG, Newell-Price JDC, Dacie JE,Thakkar C, Afshar F, Monson JP, Grossman AB, Besser GM,Trainer PJ. A critical analysis of the value of simultaneous inferiorpetrosal sinus sampling in Cushing’s disease and the occultectopic adrenocorticotropin syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1999;84:487–492.68. Findling JW, Kehoe ME, Shaker JL, Raff H. Routine inferior petrosalsinus sampling in the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin(ACTH)-dependent Cushing’s syndrome: Early recognitionof the occult ectopic ACTH syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1991;73:408–413.68a. Findling JW, Raff H. Newer diagnostic techniques and problemsin Cushing’s disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1999;28(1):191–210.68b. Doppman JL, Chang R, Oldfield EH, Chrousos G, Stratakis CA,Nieman LK. The hypoplastic inferior petrosal sinus: A potentialsource of false-negative results in petrosal sampling for Cushing’sdisease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:533–540.69. Mamelak AN, Dowd CF, Tyrrell JB, McDonald JF, Wilson CB.Venous angiography is needed to interpret inferior petrosal sinusand cavernous sinus sampling data for lateralizing adrenocorticotropin-secretingadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:475–481.
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DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OFPITUITAR
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To my beloved Hazel, whose love and
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PrefacePituitary tumors represent a
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ContributorsCHARLES F. ABBOUD, MD,
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Color PlatesColor Plates appear aft
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2 RANDALL, SCHEITHAUER, AND KOVACSF
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4 RANDALL, SCHEITHAUER, AND KOVACSr
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6 RANDALL, SCHEITHAUER, AND KOVACSw
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8 RANDALL, SCHEITHAUER, AND KOVACSt
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10 RANDALL, SCHEITHAUER, AND KOVACS
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12 RANDALL, SCHEITHAUER, AND KOVACS
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14 RHOTONFigure 2-1 Osseous relatio
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16 RHOTONFigure 2-3 Septa in the sp
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18 RHOTONFigure 2-5 Stepwise dissec
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20 RHOTONFigure 2-7 (continued on n
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22 RHOTONFigure 2-8 (continued on n
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24 RHOTONFigure 2-9 Relationships i
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26 RHOTONFigure 2-11 Six sagittal s
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28 RHOTONFigure 2-13 (continued on
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30 RHOTONFigure 2-15 Anterosuperior
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32 RHOTONFigure 2-17 (continued on
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34 RHOTONFigure 2-18 Right anterior
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36 RHOTONOPHTHALMIC ARTERY The opht
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38 RHOTONFigure 2-21 Anterior cereb
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40 RHOTONcrosses the optic chiasm t
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42 GOTH, MAKARA, AND GERENDAIFigure
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44 GOTH, MAKARA, AND GERENDAImedial
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46 GOTH, MAKARA, AND GERENDAIplatel
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48 GOTH, MAKARA, AND GERENDAIcomple
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50 GOTH, MAKARA, AND GERENDAImembra
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52 GOTH, MAKARA, AND GERENDAITable
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54 GOTH, MAKARA, AND GERENDAITable
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CHAPTER 4 / EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PITUITA
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Taiwan-South part, 1983-1992 23.2%
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72 SHIMON AND MELMEDTable 1G Protei
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74 SHIMON AND MELMEDnal allelic mut
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76 SHIMON AND MELMEDgrowth factor s
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78 SHIMON AND MELMED35. Lowy DR, Wi
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CHAPTER 6 / TUMORIGENESIS EXPERIMEN
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CHAPTER 7 / PITUITARY ADENOMAS AND
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CHAPTER 8 / MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 155
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166 VANCETable 1Lesions of the Sell
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168 VANCEFigure 9-1 Twenty-four-hou
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170 VANCEclude that every neurosurg
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172 VANCEgaly, prolactinoma). Pitui
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174 STIVER AND SHARPEFigure 10-1 Co
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176 STIVER AND SHARPEFigure 10-5 Cr
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178 STIVER AND SHARPEFigure 10-8 Fi
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180 STIVER AND SHARPETable 1Inciden
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182 STIVER AND SHARPEFigure 10-11 (
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184 STIVER AND SHARPEFigure 10-13 F
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186 STIVER AND SHARPEFigure 10-15 F
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188 STIVER AND SHARPEFigure 10-17 W
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190 STIVER AND SHARPEpituitary apop
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192 STIVER AND SHARPEin extrafoveal
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194 STIVER AND SHARPEinto the empty
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196 STIVER AND SHARPE5. Hoyt WF. Co
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198 STIVER AND SHARPE104. Wertenbak
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200 STIVER AND SHARPE204. Nakane T,
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202 EMERY AND KUCHARCZYKFigure 11-1
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216 EMERY AND KUCHARCZYK3. Kulkarni
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CHAPTER 12 / PET IN SELLAR TUMORS 2
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CHAPTER 13 / PITUITARY SURGERY 2251
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CHAPTER 13 / PITUITARY SURGERY 227F
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CHAPTER 13 / PITUITARY SURGERY 237h
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CHAPTER 14 / MEDICAL THERAPY 24714M
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CHAPTER 14 / MEDICAL THERAPY 249Tab
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CHAPTER 14 / MEDICAL THERAPY 255and
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CHAPTER 14 / MEDICAL THERAPY 259but
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CHAPTER 14 / MEDICAL THERAPY 263110
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270 MOOSE AND SHAWtherapy and compa
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272 MOOSE AND SHAWCUSHING’S SYNDR
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274 MOOSE AND SHAWFor patients with
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276 MOOSE AND SHAW19. Gomez F, Reye
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 38723Sel
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 389mode
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 399most
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 4154.4.4
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CHAPTER 23 / SELLAR TUMORS 425the u
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450 SAEGERTermDiffuse hyperplasiaNo
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452 SAEGERFigure 24-3 ACTH cell hyp
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454 SAEGERFigure 24-9 Septic absces
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456 SAEGERabnormality of the arachn
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458 SAEGERFigure 24-15 Densely gran
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460 SAEGER76. Asa SL. Tumors of the
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462 MILLER, ZHANG, AND KLIBANSKItio
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464 MILLER, ZHANG, AND KLIBANSKItum
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INDEXABC peroxidase method, 94Acrom
Page 485 and 486:
INDEX 469Chordomas (cont.) Cranioph
Page 487 and 488:
INDEX 471Glycoprotein hormones/SV4O
Page 489 and 490:
INDEX 473Invasion (cont.)Lymphomas
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INDEX 475Osteogenic sarcomas, 416-4
Page 493 and 494:
INDEX 477Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC
Page 495:
INDEX 479Visual outcomes (cont.) Vi
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Diagnosis and Management of Pituitary Tumors

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