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The Pattern of Childhood CancerIn Children Admitted to the Institute of Nuclear Medicine,Molecular Biology and Oncology-Wad MedaniDr. Huda HarounIntroduction:Reports on the pattern and incidence of childhood cancer in Sudan are rare. Althoughcancer in children remains one of the major causes of death due to diseases betweenthe ages of 1_15 years, the pattern in Sudan is still not yet determined, the incidenceis not known.Objective:the objective of this study is to know the trend of cancer in Gezira which can give a hintto the trend in Sudan and compare it the international pattern.Method:The study is a retrospective study using the institute registration.A total of 190children aged less than 15years diagnosed by means of histological orcytological examinations during the period May 1999_ Dec2004.Results:The result showed a trend like an afro-asian rather a western pattern .with male tofemale ratio of (1.8: I} .with lymphomas constituted the highest prevalence( 42.8%)followed by acute leukaemia (23.7%) and kidney tumors (12.8%) .With kidney tumorand retinblastoma common in under five and lymphomas, leukemias and bone tumormore prevailing at the age group more than five years. Lymphomas leukaemia andkidney tumor are more common in males than females.There is no specific cancer which is more prevalent in certain tribe or area in theGezira.Recommendations:we need to know the percentageof deaths the incidence yearly the degree of survival
The Importanceof EEG for the PaediatricianDr. Taha Sadig AhmedMBBS (Khartoum), PhD (Bristol, UK), Member of (AANEM),Associate Professor, College of Medicine,Consultant, Clinical Neurophysiology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Saud University,RiyadhThe EEG, in general, is important for (I) confirming and documenting whether thereis a brain abnormality or not. For example in cases of sudden movements, myoclonusor startles, especially in the very young, the physician and parents need to ascertainwhether these are normal movements ( normal EEG) or are part of a subtle seizure(abnormal EEG) (2) Identifying whether the abnormality is focal, lateralized or generalized(3) This will help in classification, which sheds light on the appropriate medication,and (4) tells about the prognosis. (5) Serial, follow-up EEGs tell the Physicianabout whether there is improvement, deterioration or evolution of the epilepsy (6) EEGis important for identification of other neurological conditions such as HSE, SSPE,etc. (7) Study of sleep disorders, and confirming whether they are part of normal phenomenaor related to subtle seizures (8) Help in Child Psychiatry and differentiatingbetween genuine seizures and pseudo seizures. Sleep studies,The Paediatric EEG differs from adult EEG because the electrical activity of the brainchanges with cerebral maturational changes during growth and development. EEG maturationalchanges were first reported as early as the 1930s by Smith (1938) and Linds1ey(1939). However, the major studies took place much later ( e.g. Matousek,1968;Mathis et al , 1980; Gasser et. aI. , 1988, Clarke et al 200 I).Beside the age-specificdevelopmental physiological changes in the EEG , children develop different pathologicalconditions that are different from adults and are often also age-specific . Interestingly,several researchers (e.g., Mathis et. aI., 1980; Benninger et. aI., 1984;Harmony et. aI., 1990; Diaz et a11998) report differences in EEG maturational featuresbetween boys and girls. The EEG recording itself is different in children than adultsbecause the brain, meninges, skull, scalp, head size as well as the child's behaviour andability to cooperate all change over time. Therefore, Paediatric EEGs must be recordedand interpreted bearing in mind normal as well as abnormal features for each age, fromthe newborn to adolescence. The Paediatric EEG, its own normalities, curiosities andabnormalities will be discussed, and most of the data will be from our clinic in KingAbdulaziz University Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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