WRIA 30 - Klickitat County Home

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Klickitat River BasinWatershed Management Plan• Quaternary Volcanics (including Simcoe Volcanics)• Wanapum Basalt• Grande Ronde BasaltAlluvium: Alluvial deposits tend to be found in depositional (flatter) areas. These deposits aretypically aggregations of materials transported and deposited by surface waters or glacial action.In most areas within WRIA 30, the alluvial areas are relatively small and seldom containsufficient ground water to support water uses. There are two known alluvial areas that providesubstantial amount of ground water. These are located in the Swale Creek Valley and in theCamas Prairie area (Middle Klickitat Subbasin).Within the Swale Creek Subbasin, a deposit of alluvium exists that is up to 200 feet or greater indepth. This deposit serves as a source of water for water users in the subbasin. The WarwickFault, running northwest-southeast through Warwick, is an important structural control onground water flow in this subbasin. The weight of evidence indicates that the fault forms astructural closure to the Swale Creek valley and impounds ground water to the east of the fault,holding it within the alluvial aquifer in the valley. Swale Creek between approximately Highway97 and Warwick is an expression of the water table in the Alluvial Aquifer. As such, it isephemeral or of a seasonal nature directly related to the ground water level in the alluvium. Inearly spring, ground water levels in the alluvium are generally high (shallow depth below theground surface). Localized flooding of the low-lying areas around Swale Creek has reportedlyoccurs during wet periods in the late winter and early spring. This portion of the creek isgenerally dry by late spring/early summer and for the balance of the year as ground water levelsin the alluvium decline. Ground water level data from the 1960s to present indicate the groundwater levels rebound each spring, with no apparent long-term water level declines in that period.Within the Middle Klickitat Subbasin, Camas Prairie consists of a large expanse of alluvium upto 160 feet deep. Shallow wells (including dug wells) in the alluvium are common, with small tomoderate yields depending on the permeability of the alluvium.Quaternary Volcanics: Within the Little Klickitat Subbasin, the Quaternary-aged SimcoeVolcanics, which form the Simcoe Mountains, represent an important source of ground water.The Simcoe Volcanics are made up of many volcanic flows that have a coarse, open texture thatpermits rapid recharge and good vertical and lateral movement of water. Because of the highpermeability of some zones in the Simcoe Volcanics, they can provide large quantities of groundwater. The majority of the documented springs in this subbasin discharge from the SimcoeVolcanics and often feed the numerous tributary streams to the Little Klickitat River.Wanapum Basalt: The Wanapum Basalt is the largest source for ground water supply,particularly for large irrigation and municipal withdrawals across the mid and southern portion ofWRIA 30. Available geologic data indicate that the Wanapum Basalt extends to depths ofroughly 750 feet in the Goldendale area. Yields from this aquifer are normally less than 500gallons per minute (gpm), although a few of the deeper wells are capable of producing greaterthan 1,000 gpm. Ground water in the Wanapum regionally flows toward the southwest, but asignificant ground water divide occurs between the Goldendale area and the Centerville area.Existing Conditions 16 May 3, 2005
Klickitat River BasinWatershed Management PlanFrom this ground water divide, ground water flows in the basalt northward to the Little KlickitatRiver and southward to the Swale Creek valley.Grande Ronde Basalt: Relatively few wells within WRIA 30 produce ground water from theGrande Ronde Basalt, and those that do are typically deep wells (greater than 400 feet deep) usedfor irrigation in the southern portion of the watershed. Ground water in the Grande Ronde flowstoward the south and appears to discharge to the mainstem Klickitat River and the ColumbiaRiver. In the Goldendale area and immediately north of Goldendale, deep wells completed in theGrande Ronde have water quality unsuitable for potable use (mineralized water with high totaldissolved solids and localized presence of hydrogen sulfide). Little information regardingground water in the Grande Ronde is available for the northwestern portion of the watershed.2.5.2 GROUND WATER RECHARGEGround water recharge within WRIA 30 (Table 3) occurs primarily through the infiltration ofprecipitation (both rain and snowmelt), and secondarily as seepage from surface waters and fromanthropogenic effects (e.g. return flows from irrigation and septic systems). The United StatesGeologic Survey (USGS) estimated that recharge for the current land use is nearly 60 percentgreater than under pre-development land uses, primarily due to irrigation return flows.Table 3. Estimated Annual Recharge Volumes by SubbasinArea(acres)Ave.AnnualRechargeRate(inch/yr)Ave.AnnualRechargeVolume(acre-ft/yr)Relative %Contributionto RechargeSubbasinUpper Klickitat 224,113 15 280,000 33%Middle Klickitat 298,831 14 345,000 41%Little Klickitat 179,195 7 109,000 13%Swale 80,490 4 26,000 3%Lower Klickitat 82,111 10 69,000 8%Columbia Tribs 58,155 3 12,000 2%WRIA 30 Totals922,915 - 841,0002.6 HYDRAULIC CONTINUITY OF SURFACE AND GROUND WATER SOURCESThere are varying degrees of hydraulic continuity between ground water and surface water inWRIA 30. Continuity between water bodies depends largely on the position of the ground wateraquifer relative to the surface water body and the presence or absence of low-permeabilitymaterials or structural controls between the two.The Middle Klickitat Subbasin includes the Camas Prairie region west of the Klickitat River andthe Summit Creek drainage east of the Klickitat River. The Camas Prairie consists of a largeexpanse of alluvium that holds substantial quantities of ground water. Springs are common inExisting Conditions 17 May 3, 2005
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