E C O N O M I C R E P O R T O F T H E P R E S I D E N T

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C H A P T E R 5The Changing American FamilyCorbisAmong the trends that have shaped the American family over the course of the century,one of the most important has been the rise in female participation in the labor force asmore opportunities have opened up for women to work and more women have takenadvantage of those opportunities.For most of the 20th century, the prototypical American family was a marriedcouple with children in which the wife did not work for pay. But fordecades now this traditional one-breadwinner, one-homemaker family hasmade up a declining share of families, as more wives have entered the paidlabor force and as single-parent families have become more widespread. Atthe beginning of the 21st century, fewer than a third of all families are marriedcouples in which the wife does not work outside the home. This meansthat a majority of American families face—and in consequence the Nationfaces—different opportunities and different challenges from those of a societyof “traditional” families.The changes in the American family, viewed over the entire span of the20th century, have been dramatic (Table 5-1). In 1900, for example, about165
TABLE 5-1.—Contrasting American Families Then and NowItem 1900 1 19501998 2Households by type (percent)Family households .......................................................... (3) 89.2 69.1Married couple ................................................................... (3) 78.2 53.0Male householder, no wife present .................................... (3) 2.7 3.8Female householder, no husband present ...................... (3) 8.3 12.3Nonfamily households ..................................................... (3) 10.8 30.9Average household size (persons) ......................................... 4.8 3.4 2.6Households with seven or more people (percent)....................... 20.4 4.9 1.2Living arrangements of children by family status (percent) 4Two-parent farm family......................................................... 41 17 (5)Two-parent nonfarm familyFather breadwinner, mother homemaker........................... 43 56 24Dual earner......................................................................... 2 13 44Single-parent......................................................................... 9 8 28Not living with parent............................................................ 56 4Males and females by marital status (percent)Males aged 15 and overMarried............................................................................... 54.6 68.9 58.0Divorced.............................................................................. .3 2.0 8.2Widowed ............................................................................. 4.6 4.2 2.5Never married..................................................................... 40.3 24.9 31.2Females aged 15 and overMarried............................................................................... 57.0 67.0 54.9Divorced.............................................................................. .52.4 10.3Widowed ............................................................................. 11.2 12.0 10.2Never married..................................................................... 31.2 18.524.7Median age at first marriageMen..................................................................................... 25.9 22.8 26.7Women................................................................................ 21.9 20.3 25.0Life expectancy at birth (years)Men ........................................................................................ 46.3 65.6 73.9Women ................................................................................... 48.3 71.1 79.4Infant mortality rate (deaths per 1,000 live births)................... 99.9 29.2 7.2Labor force participation rate of women (percent) .................... 20.0 33.9 60.0Women in the labor force by marital status (percent)Single..................................................................................... 66.2 31.9 26.8Married .................................................................................. 15.4 52.2 53.1Widowed, divorced, or separated .......................................... 18.4 16.0 20.01Infant mortality rate is for 1915.2Labor force participation rate of women is for 1999.3Not available.4Data for 1900 and 1950 are from Donald J. Hernandez, America’s Children, The Russell Sage Foundation, 1993.5Less than 2 percent and included in nonfarm totals.Sources: Department of Commerce (Bureau of the Census); Department of Labor (Bureau of Labor Statistics); andDepartment of Health and Human Services (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), except as noted.80 percent of children lived in two-parent families with a mother or stepmotherwho worked on the farm or at home. Fewer than 10 percent ofAmerican children lived in one-parent families. The typical home had few oftoday’s conveniences (only 8 percent of dwelling units had electricity in1907), and many women sewed their own clothes and gave birth in thehome rather than in a hospital. Women early in the century marriedyounger, had more children, and died younger than women today. Ten percentof children died in infancy, and average life expectancy for both men166 | Economic Report of the President
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E C O N O M I CR E P O R TO F T H E
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C O N T E N T SPageECONOMIC REPORT
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ECONOMIC REPORT OF THE PRESIDENTTo
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my State of the Union address, I pr
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hard-pressed families—with additi
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LETTER OF TRANSMITTALCOUNCIL OF ECO
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PageSources of Business Cycle Moder
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PageHeterogeneity in Abatement Bene
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Page2-3. Net Worth and the Personal
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PageLIST OF BOXES2-1. The CPI-U-RS,
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These successes notwithstanding, th
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$33,740, Americans today can acquir
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those in the highest decile rose 0.
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Data on poverty also show progress.
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Over the years, government support
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asis, the current expansion also sh
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The current expansion, by contrast,
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InflationAccelerating inflation pos
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it was argued, must be shifting the
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is that the direction of technologi
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Challenges for the FutureThis chapt
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in the new labor market. The chapte
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disruptive in some cases. Finally,
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C H A P T E R 2Macroeconomic Policy
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Chapter 2 | 51
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usiness cycle has changed over the
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cent over the four quarters of 1999
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framework that continues to pay dow
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The labor force participation rate
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Box 2-1.—continuedof no substitut
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feed directly into the index. Moreo
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funds rate (the interest rate that
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nesses with below-investment-grade
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From 1989 to 1999, corporate earnin
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ital includes the value of intellec
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of gross personal saving to GDP has
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The beginnings and ends of U.S. bus
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introduced in 1913 and Social Secur
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Of course, it is premature to decla
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Box 2-3.What Did We Learn from the
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TABLE 2-3.— Accounting for the Pr
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future extrapolates long-term trend
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Over the past 6 years, the CPI-U-RS
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work enables job hunters to work wh
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Chart 2-17 shows how this could hap
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of professional economic forecaster
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Administration’s forecast is used
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Innovations during the 20th century
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transformations the Internet and e-
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Another industry that saw major cha
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One example is the “lean” produ
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Box 3-1. Measuring the Economy in a
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Box 3-2. Implementing Local Competi
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of fiber optic cable deployed by te
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How Information Technology IsChangi
Page 111 and 112: total investment in information tec
Page 113 and 114: For e-retailers, the Internet repla
Page 115 and 116: suppliers for surplus quantities of
Page 117 and 118: However, the same technology that d
Page 119 and 120: value of each network to its users.
Page 121 and 122: many possible uses but that depends
Page 123 and 124: Maintaining CompetitionAnother way
Page 125 and 126: Similarly, by reducing barriers to
Page 127 and 128: Formal education was a far less imp
Page 129 and 130: The Transformation of the Labor Mar
Page 131 and 132: Americans has risen almost 10-fold
Page 133 and 134: diploma (Chart 4-5). That same year
Page 135 and 136: ensuring equal opportunity for all
Page 137 and 138: those of men (again looking at full
Page 139 and 140: Box 4-1. The Role of Government Pol
Page 141 and 142: severe disabilities. For example, a
Page 143 and 144: Box 4-2.—continuedOther policy in
Page 145 and 146: equirements of jobs. To right this
Page 147 and 148: uild and maintain a world-class ele
Page 149 and 150: Class Size Reduction. Average class
Page 151 and 152: During this Administration, the Fed
Page 153 and 154: years ago. In 2000, 13.1 million st
Page 155 and 156: through a period of unpaid training
Page 157 and 158: The first major mandatory training
Page 159 and 160: a 30-year low, labor force particip
Page 161: ConclusionTwo key developments—th
Page 165 and 166: opened up for women to work and as
Page 167 and 168: The increased prevalence of single-
Page 169 and 170: to an increasing share of the popul
Page 171 and 172: Box 5-1.—continuedAlthough most f
Page 173 and 174: For the past 50 years, the median i
Page 175 and 176: gle mothers the median rose from $1
Page 177 and 178: TABLE 5-3.— Share of Women with C
Page 179 and 180: income growth over the last 30 year
Page 181 and 182: consumption patterns have changed,
Page 183 and 184: Increases in the Minimum WageThe mi
Page 185 and 186: Box 5-4.The National Strategy to Re
Page 187 and 188: or older, and of those 85 or older,
Page 189 and 190: of single-parent families increased
Page 191 and 192: caregivers for the elderly say thei
Page 193 and 194: would allow all workers who get tim
Page 195 and 196: C H A P T E R 6Opportunity and Chal
Page 197 and 198: Meanwhile innovations in transporta
Page 199 and 200: But to look at U.S. trade only in t
Page 201 and 202: Data from the U.S. computer industr
Page 203 and 204: net indebtedness of about 18 percen
Page 205 and 206: capital flows. Coupled with other d
Page 207 and 208: forces to play themselves out. In t
Page 209 and 210: The Benefits of a Global EconomyThe
Page 211 and 212: Domestic production can expand when
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In short, increased globalization b
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key sectors such as finance, teleco
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international trade is not a zero-s
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As these data suggest, not all WTO
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For example, preferential U.S. trad
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By contrast, in 1998 output fell on
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Box 6-3.The New International Finan
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The key objective of the initiative
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Chapter 6 | 233
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demand for exports. It would be a m
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integrating with the world economy
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The past century of experience in a
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242 | Economic Report of the Presid
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Box 7-1.—continuedand energy pric
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Box 7-2.—continuedproviding usefu
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Incentive-Based Approaches to Addre
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compliance costs may fall by less t
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Box 7-4.—continuedroughly 5 to 15
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so a system of multipollutant tradi
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sulfur dioxide trading program. The
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coastal zone. Trades can occur with
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Permit Trading: Phasedown of Leaded
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To address the problems associated
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Box 7-5. Individual Quotas for Fish
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A landmark international agreement
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However, the country could cut ener
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Quantitative Restrictions on Tradin
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comprehensive domestic trading syst
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Box 7-9.—continuedthe use of ener
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C O N C L U S I O NA Century of Cha
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More than 40 percent of the work fo
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growth and are credited with helpin
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have much to gain from continuing t
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Appendix AREPORT TO THE PRESIDENT O
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Council Members and Their Dates of
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previously served as the New Centur
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(antidumping, countervailing duties
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with a number of developing countri
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Michael Treadway provided editorial
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Appendix BSTATISTICAL TABLES RELATI
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POPULATION, EMPLOYMENT, WAGES, AND
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AGRICULTURE:PageB-95. Farm income,
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NATIONAL INCOME OR EXPENDITURETABLE
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TABLE B-2.—Real gross domestic pr
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TABLE B-3.—Quantity and price ind
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TABLE B-5.—Contributions to perce
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TABLE B-6.—Chain-type quantity in
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TABLE B-7.—Chain-type price index
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TABLE B-8.—Gross domestic product
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Year orquarterGrossdomesticproductT
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TABLE B-12.—Gross product of nonf
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TABLE B-14.—Personal consumption
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TABLE B-16.—Private gross fixed i
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TABLE B-18.—Government consumptio
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TABLE B-20.—Private inventories a
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Year orquarterTABLE B-22.—Foreign
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TABLE B-24.—Relation of gross dom
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Year orquarterTABLE B-26.—Nationa
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TABLE B-27.—Sources of personal i
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TABLE B-28.—Disposition of person
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TABLE B-30.—Gross saving and inve
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TABLE B-31.—Median money income (
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TABLE B-33.—Civilian population a
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TABLE B-34.—Civilian employment a
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TABLE B-36.—Unemployment by demog
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TABLE B-38.—Civilian labor force
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TABLE B-40.—Civilian unemployment
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TABLE B-42.—Unemployment by durat
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TABLE B-44.—Employees on nonagric
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TABLE B-45.—Hours and earnings in
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Year orquarterOutput per hourof all
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PRODUCTION AND BUSINESS ACTIVITYTAB
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TABLE B-51.—Industrial production
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Year or monthTABLE B-53.—New cons
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TABLE B-55.—Manufacturing and tra
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Year or monthTotalTABLE B-57.—Man
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Year ormonthTABLE B-59.—Consumer
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TABLE B-60.—Consumer price indexe
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TABLE B-62.—Changes in consumer p
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TABLE B-63.—Producer price indexe
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TABLE B-65.—Producer price indexe
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TABLE B-66.—Changes in producer p
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TABLE B-68.—Components of money s
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TABLE B-69.—Aggregate reserves of
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Year andmonthBills(new issues) 13-m
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TABLE B-72.—Credit market borrowi
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TABLE B-73.—Mortgage debt outstan
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TABLE B-75.—Consumer credit outst
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TABLE B-77.—Federal budget receip
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TABLE B-79.—Federal receipts, out
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TABLE B-81.—Federal and State and
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TABLE B-83.—State and local gover
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TABLE B-85.—Interest-bearing publ
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End of monthTABLE B-87.—Estimated
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TABLE B-89.—Corporate profits by
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TABLE B-91.—Sales, profits, and s
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Year or monthTABLE B-93.—Common s
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AGRICULTURETABLE B-95.—Farm incom
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TABLE B-97.—Farm output and produ
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Year ormonthTABLE B-99.—Indexes o
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Year orquarterExportsINTERNATIONAL
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TABLE B-102.—U.S. international t
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TABLE B-104.—U.S. international t
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TABLE B-106.—Industrial productio
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PeriodTABLE B-108.—Foreign exchan
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TABLE B-110.—Growth rates in real
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